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diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2877331 --- /dev/null +++ b/.travis.yml @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +language: python +python: + - "2.7" + - "3.4" + - "3.5" + - "3.6" +env: + - CYTHON_INSTALL="pip install -q cython" + - CYTHON_INSTALL="" +before_install: + - sudo apt-get update + - sudo apt-get install libblas-dev + - sudo apt-get install liblapack-dev + - sudo apt-get install gfortran +install: + - pip install scipy + - $CYTHON_INSTALL + +script: + - python setup.py build_ext --inplace + - nosetests + - travis_wait 30 nosetests test/numeric diff --git a/Changelog b/Changelog new file mode 100644 index 0000000..88e16cc --- /dev/null +++ b/Changelog @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +PySpike v0.6: + * Support for computing spike directionality and spike train order + +PySpike v0.5: + * First beta release + * Python 2.6 support removed + * Python 3.6 support added + * several bugfixes + +PySpike v0.4: + * Python 3 support (thanks to Igor Gnatenko) + * list interface to SpikeTrain class + * disable_backend_warning property + * several bugfixes + +PySpike v0.3: + * addition of __version__ attribute + * restructured docs, Readme now only contains basic examples + * performance improvements by introducing specific distance functions + * performance improvements for multivariate profiles by using recursive + approach + * new example: performance.py + * consistent treatment of empty spike trains + * new example: profiles.py + * additional functionality: pwc and pwl function classes can now return + function values at given time(s) + +PySpike v0.2: + + * introduction of SpikeTrain class. Breaking interface change of + distance functions + * added max_tau parameter to SPIKE-Synchronization + * added psth function + * restructured modules, separate files for different distance measures + * Bugfix for selective multivariate distance + * added spike generation function diff --git a/Contributors.txt b/Contributors.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..512aa7f --- /dev/null +++ b/Contributors.txt @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +Python/C Programming: +- Mario Mulansky +- Igor Gnatenko + +Scientific Methods: +- Thomas Kreuz +- Daniel Chicharro +- Conor Houghton +- Nebojsa Bozanic +- Mario Mulansky + + +The work on PySpike was supported by the European Comission through the Marie +Curie Initial Training Network 'Neural Engineering Transformative Technologies +(NETT)' under the project number 289146. diff --git a/License.txt b/License.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..472deac --- /dev/null +++ b/License.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +BSD License + +Copyright (c) 2014, Mario Mulansky <mario.mulansky@gmx.net> +All rights reserved. + +Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: + +1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. + +2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. + +THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/MANIFEST.in b/MANIFEST.in new file mode 100644 index 0000000..aed0ae0 --- /dev/null +++ b/MANIFEST.in @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +include *.rst +include *.txt +include pyspike/cython/*.c +include directionality/cython/*.c +recursive-include examples *.py *.txt +recursive-include test *.py *.txt +recursive-include doc * diff --git a/Readme.rst b/Readme.rst new file mode 100644 index 0000000..74b014b --- /dev/null +++ b/Readme.rst @@ -0,0 +1,139 @@ +PySpike +======= + +.. image:: https://badge.fury.io/py/pyspike.png + :target: http://badge.fury.io/py/pyspike +.. image:: https://travis-ci.org/mariomulansky/PySpike.svg?branch=master + :target: https://travis-ci.org/mariomulansky/PySpike + +PySpike is a Python library for the numerical analysis of spike train similarity. +Its core functionality is the implementation of the ISI_\-distance [#]_ and SPIKE_\-distance [#]_ as well as SPIKE-Synchronization_ [#]_. +It provides functions to compute multivariate profiles, distance matrices, as well as averaging and general spike train processing. +All computation intensive parts are implemented in C via cython_ to reach a competitive performance (factor 100-200 over plain Python). + +PySpike provides the same fundamental functionality as the SPIKY_ framework for Matlab, which additionally contains spike-train generators, more spike train distance measures and many visualization routines. + +All source codes are available on `Github <https://github.com/mariomulansky/PySpike>`_ and are published under the BSD_License_. + +Citing PySpike +---------------------------- +If you use PySpike in your research, please cite our SoftwareX publication on PySpike: + Mario Mulansky, Thomas Kreuz, *PySpike - A Python library for analyzing spike train synchrony*, SoftwareX, (2016), ISSN 2352-7110, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.softx.2016.07.006. + +Additionally, depending on the used methods: ISI-distance [1], SPIKE-distance [2] or SPIKE-Synchronization [3], please cite one or more of the following publications: + +.. [#] Kreuz T, Haas JS, Morelli A, Abarbanel HDI, Politi A, *Measuring spike train synchrony.* J Neurosci Methods 165, 151 (2007) `[pdf] <http://wwwold.fi.isc.cnr.it/users/thomas.kreuz/images/Kreuz_JNeurosciMethods_2007_Spike-Train-Synchrony.pdf>`_ + +.. [#] Kreuz T, Chicharro D, Houghton C, Andrzejak RG, Mormann F, *Monitoring spike train synchrony.* J Neurophysiol 109, 1457 (2013) `[pdf] <http://wwwold.fi.isc.cnr.it/users/thomas.kreuz/images/Kreuz_JNeurophysiol_2013_SPIKE-distance.pdf>`_ + +.. [#] Kreuz T, Mulansky M and Bozanic N, *SPIKY: A graphical user interface for monitoring spike train synchrony*, J Neurophysiol, JNeurophysiol 113, 3432 (2015) + +Important Changelog +----------------------------- + +With version 0.6.0, the spike directionality and spike train order function have been added. + +With version 0.5.0, the interfaces have been unified and the specific functions for multivariate computations have become deprecated. + +With version 0.2.0, the :code:`SpikeTrain` class has been introduced to represent spike trains. +This is a breaking change in the function interfaces. +Hence, programs written for older versions of PySpike (0.1.x) will not run with newer versions. + +Requirements and Installation +----------------------------- + +PySpike is available at Python Package Index and this is the easiest way to obtain the PySpike package. +If you have `pip` installed, just run + +.. code:: bash + + sudo pip install pyspike + +to install pyspike. +PySpike requires `numpy` as minimal requirement, as well as a C compiler to generate the binaries. + +Install from Github sources +........................... + +You can also obtain the latest PySpike developer version from the github repository. +For that, make sure you have the following Python libraries installed: + +- numpy +- cython +- matplotlib (for the examples) +- nosetests (for running the tests) + +In particular, make sure that cython_ is configured properly and able to locate a C compiler, otherwise PySpike will use the much slower Python implementations. + +To install PySpike, simply download the source, e.g. from Github, and run the :code:`setup.py` script: + +.. code:: bash + + git clone https://github.com/mariomulansky/PySpike.git + cd PySpike + python setup.py build_ext --inplace + +Then you can run the tests using the `nosetests` test framework: + +.. code:: bash + + nosetests + +Finally, you should make PySpike's installation folder known to Python to be able to import pyspike in your own projects. +Therefore, add your :code:`/path/to/PySpike` to the :code:`$PYTHONPATH` environment variable. + + +Examples +----------------------------- + +The following code loads some exemplary spike trains, computes the dissimilarity profile of the ISI-distance of the first two :code:`SpikeTrain` objects, and plots it with matplotlib: + +.. code:: python + + import matplotlib.pyplot as plt + import pyspike as spk + + spike_trains = spk.load_spike_trains_from_txt("PySpike_testdata.txt", + edges=(0, 4000)) + isi_profile = spk.isi_profile(spike_trains[0], spike_trains[1]) + x, y = isi_profile.get_plottable_data() + plt.plot(x, y, '--k') + print("ISI distance: %.8f" % isi_profile.avrg()) + plt.show() + + +The following example computes the multivariate ISI-, SPIKE- and SPIKE-Sync-profile for a list of spike trains loaded from a text file: + +.. code:: python + + spike_trains = spk.load_spike_trains_from_txt("PySpike_testdata.txt", + edges=(0, 4000)) + avrg_isi_profile = spk.isi_profile(spike_trains) + avrg_spike_profile = spk.spike_profile(spike_trains) + avrg_spike_sync_profile = spk.spike_sync_profile(spike_trains) + +More examples with detailed descriptions can be found in the `tutorial section <http://mariomulansky.github.io/PySpike/#tutorial>`_. + +=============================================================================== + +*The work on PySpike was supported by the European Comission through the Marie +Curie Initial Training Network* `Neural Engineering Transformative Technologies +(NETT) <http://www.neural-engineering.eu/>`_ *under the project number 289146.* + + +**Python/C Programming:** + - Mario Mulansky + +**Scientific Methods:** + - Thomas Kreuz + - Daniel Chicharro + - Conor Houghton + - Nebojsa Bozanic + - Mario Mulansky + +.. _ISI: http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Measures_of_spike_train_synchrony#ISI-distance +.. _SPIKE: http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/SPIKE-distance +.. _SPIKE-Synchronization: http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Measures_of_spike_train_synchrony#SPIKE_synchronization +.. _cython: http://www.cython.org +.. _SPIKY: http://wwwold.fi.isc.cnr.it/users/thomas.kreuz/Source-Code/SPIKY.html +.. _BSD_License: http://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-2-Clause diff --git a/doc/Makefile b/doc/Makefile new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5acfcec --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/Makefile @@ -0,0 +1,177 @@ +# Makefile for Sphinx documentation +# + +# You can set these variables from the command line. +SPHINXOPTS = +SPHINXBUILD = sphinx-build +PAPER = +BUILDDIR = _build + +# User-friendly check for sphinx-build +ifeq ($(shell which $(SPHINXBUILD) >/dev/null 2>&1; echo $$?), 1) +$(error The '$(SPHINXBUILD)' command was not found. Make sure you have Sphinx installed, then set the SPHINXBUILD environment variable to point to the full path of the '$(SPHINXBUILD)' executable. Alternatively you can add the directory with the executable to your PATH. If you don't have Sphinx installed, grab it from http://sphinx-doc.org/) +endif + +# Internal variables. +PAPEROPT_a4 = -D latex_paper_size=a4 +PAPEROPT_letter = -D latex_paper_size=letter +ALLSPHINXOPTS = -d $(BUILDDIR)/doctrees $(PAPEROPT_$(PAPER)) $(SPHINXOPTS) . +# the i18n builder cannot share the environment and doctrees with the others +I18NSPHINXOPTS = $(PAPEROPT_$(PAPER)) $(SPHINXOPTS) . + +.PHONY: help clean html dirhtml singlehtml pickle json htmlhelp qthelp devhelp epub latex latexpdf text man changes linkcheck doctest gettext + +help: + @echo "Please use \`make <target>' where <target> is one of" + @echo " html to make standalone HTML files" + @echo " dirhtml to make HTML files named index.html in directories" + @echo " singlehtml to make a single large HTML file" + @echo " pickle to make pickle files" + @echo " json to make JSON files" + @echo " htmlhelp to make HTML files and a HTML help project" + @echo " qthelp to make HTML files and a qthelp project" + @echo " devhelp to make HTML files and a Devhelp project" + @echo " epub to make an epub" + @echo " latex to make LaTeX files, you can set PAPER=a4 or PAPER=letter" + @echo " latexpdf to make LaTeX files and run them through pdflatex" + @echo " latexpdfja to make LaTeX files and run them through platex/dvipdfmx" + @echo " text to make text files" + @echo " man to make manual pages" + @echo " texinfo to make Texinfo files" + @echo " info to make Texinfo files and run them through makeinfo" + @echo " gettext to make PO message catalogs" + @echo " changes to make an overview of all changed/added/deprecated items" + @echo " xml to make Docutils-native XML files" + @echo " pseudoxml to make pseudoxml-XML files for display purposes" + @echo " linkcheck to check all external links for integrity" + @echo " doctest to run all doctests embedded in the documentation (if enabled)" + +clean: + rm -rf $(BUILDDIR)/* + +html: + $(SPHINXBUILD) -b html $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/html + @echo + @echo "Build finished. The HTML pages are in $(BUILDDIR)/html." + +dirhtml: + $(SPHINXBUILD) -b dirhtml $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/dirhtml + @echo + @echo "Build finished. The HTML pages are in $(BUILDDIR)/dirhtml." + +singlehtml: + $(SPHINXBUILD) -b singlehtml $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/singlehtml + @echo + @echo "Build finished. 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The message catalogs are in $(BUILDDIR)/locale." + +changes: + $(SPHINXBUILD) -b changes $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/changes + @echo + @echo "The overview file is in $(BUILDDIR)/changes." + +linkcheck: + $(SPHINXBUILD) -b linkcheck $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/linkcheck + @echo + @echo "Link check complete; look for any errors in the above output " \ + "or in $(BUILDDIR)/linkcheck/output.txt." + +doctest: + $(SPHINXBUILD) -b doctest $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/doctest + @echo "Testing of doctests in the sources finished, look at the " \ + "results in $(BUILDDIR)/doctest/output.txt." + +xml: + $(SPHINXBUILD) -b xml $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/xml + @echo + @echo "Build finished. The XML files are in $(BUILDDIR)/xml." + +pseudoxml: + $(SPHINXBUILD) -b pseudoxml $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/pseudoxml + @echo + @echo "Build finished. The pseudo-XML files are in $(BUILDDIR)/pseudoxml." diff --git a/doc/conf.py b/doc/conf.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..25aa9c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/conf.py @@ -0,0 +1,271 @@ +# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- +# +# PySpike documentation build configuration file, created by +# sphinx-quickstart on Thu Oct 16 15:56:58 2014. +# +# This file is execfile()d with the current directory set to its +# containing dir. +# +# Note that not all possible configuration values are present in this +# autogenerated file. +# +# All configuration values have a default; values that are commented out +# serve to show the default. + +import sys +import os + +# If extensions (or modules to document with autodoc) are in another directory, +# add these directories to sys.path here. If the directory is relative to the +# documentation root, use os.path.abspath to make it absolute, like shown here. +sys.path.insert(0, os.path.abspath('../pyspike')) + +def skip(app, what, name, obj, skip, options): + if name == "__init__": + return False + return skip + +def setup(app): + app.connect("autodoc-skip-member", skip) + +# -- General configuration ------------------------------------------------ + +# If your documentation needs a minimal Sphinx version, state it here. +#needs_sphinx = '1.0' + +# Add any Sphinx extension module names here, as strings. They can be +# extensions coming with Sphinx (named 'sphinx.ext.*') or your custom +# ones. +extensions = [ + 'sphinx.ext.autodoc', + 'sphinx.ext.coverage', + 'sphinx.ext.mathjax', + 'sphinx.ext.viewcode', +] + +# Add any paths that contain templates here, relative to this directory. +templates_path = ['_templates'] + +# The suffix of source filenames. +source_suffix = '.rst' + +# The encoding of source files. +#source_encoding = 'utf-8-sig' + +# The master toctree document. +master_doc = 'index' + +# General information about the project. +project = u'PySpike' +copyright = u'2014-2017, Mario Mulansky' + +# The version info for the project you're documenting, acts as replacement for +# |version| and |release|, also used in various other places throughout the +# built documents. +# +# The short X.Y version. +version = '0.5' +# The full version, including alpha/beta/rc tags. +release = '0.5.3' + +# The language for content autogenerated by Sphinx. Refer to documentation +# for a list of supported languages. +#language = None + +# There are two options for replacing |today|: either, you set today to some +# non-false value, then it is used: +#today = '' +# Else, today_fmt is used as the format for a strftime call. +#today_fmt = '%B %d, %Y' + +# List of patterns, relative to source directory, that match files and +# directories to ignore when looking for source files. +exclude_patterns = ['_build'] + +# The reST default role (used for this markup: `text`) to use for all +# documents. +#default_role = None + +# If true, '()' will be appended to :func: etc. cross-reference text. +#add_function_parentheses = True + +# If true, the current module name will be prepended to all description +# unit titles (such as .. function::). +#add_module_names = True + +# If true, sectionauthor and moduleauthor directives will be shown in the +# output. They are ignored by default. +#show_authors = False + +# The name of the Pygments (syntax highlighting) style to use. +pygments_style = 'sphinx' + +# A list of ignored prefixes for module index sorting. +#modindex_common_prefix = [] + +# If true, keep warnings as "system message" paragraphs in the built documents. +#keep_warnings = False + + +# -- Options for HTML output ---------------------------------------------- + +# The theme to use for HTML and HTML Help pages. See the documentation for +# a list of builtin themes. +html_theme = 'default' + +# Theme options are theme-specific and customize the look and feel of a theme +# further. For a list of options available for each theme, see the +# documentation. +#html_theme_options = {} + +# Add any paths that contain custom themes here, relative to this directory. +#html_theme_path = [] + +# The name for this set of Sphinx documents. If None, it defaults to +# "<project> v<release> documentation". +#html_title = None + +# A shorter title for the navigation bar. Default is the same as html_title. +#html_short_title = None + +# The name of an image file (relative to this directory) to place at the top +# of the sidebar. +#html_logo = None + +# The name of an image file (within the static path) to use as favicon of the +# docs. This file should be a Windows icon file (.ico) being 16x16 or 32x32 +# pixels large. +#html_favicon = None + +# Add any paths that contain custom static files (such as style sheets) here, +# relative to this directory. They are copied after the builtin static files, +# so a file named "default.css" will overwrite the builtin "default.css". +html_static_path = ['_static'] + +# Add any extra paths that contain custom files (such as robots.txt or +# .htaccess) here, relative to this directory. These files are copied +# directly to the root of the documentation. +#html_extra_path = [] + +# If not '', a 'Last updated on:' timestamp is inserted at every page bottom, +# using the given strftime format. +#html_last_updated_fmt = '%b %d, %Y' + +# If true, SmartyPants will be used to convert quotes and dashes to +# typographically correct entities. +#html_use_smartypants = True + +# Custom sidebar templates, maps document names to template names. +#html_sidebars = {} + +# Additional templates that should be rendered to pages, maps page names to +# template names. +#html_additional_pages = {} + +# If false, no module index is generated. +#html_domain_indices = True + +# If false, no index is generated. +#html_use_index = True + +# If true, the index is split into individual pages for each letter. +#html_split_index = False + +# If true, links to the reST sources are added to the pages. +#html_show_sourcelink = True + +# If true, "Created using Sphinx" is shown in the HTML footer. Default is True. +#html_show_sphinx = True + +# If true, "(C) Copyright ..." is shown in the HTML footer. Default is True. +#html_show_copyright = True + +# If true, an OpenSearch description file will be output, and all pages will +# contain a <link> tag referring to it. The value of this option must be the +# base URL from which the finished HTML is served. +#html_use_opensearch = '' + +# This is the file name suffix for HTML files (e.g. ".xhtml"). +#html_file_suffix = None + +# Output file base name for HTML help builder. +htmlhelp_basename = 'PySpikedoc' + + +# -- Options for LaTeX output --------------------------------------------- + +latex_elements = { +# The paper size ('letterpaper' or 'a4paper'). +#'papersize': 'letterpaper', + +# The font size ('10pt', '11pt' or '12pt'). +#'pointsize': '10pt', + +# Additional stuff for the LaTeX preamble. +#'preamble': '', +} + +# Grouping the document tree into LaTeX files. List of tuples +# (source start file, target name, title, +# author, documentclass [howto, manual, or own class]). +latex_documents = [ + ('index', 'PySpike.tex', u'PySpike Documentation', + u'Mario Mulansky', 'manual'), +] + +# The name of an image file (relative to this directory) to place at the top of +# the title page. +#latex_logo = None + +# For "manual" documents, if this is true, then toplevel headings are parts, +# not chapters. +#latex_use_parts = False + +# If true, show page references after internal links. +#latex_show_pagerefs = False + +# If true, show URL addresses after external links. +#latex_show_urls = False + +# Documents to append as an appendix to all manuals. +#latex_appendices = [] + +# If false, no module index is generated. +#latex_domain_indices = True + + +# -- Options for manual page output --------------------------------------- + +# One entry per manual page. List of tuples +# (source start file, name, description, authors, manual section). +man_pages = [ + ('index', 'pyspike', u'PySpike Documentation', + [u'Mario Mulansky'], 1) +] + +# If true, show URL addresses after external links. +#man_show_urls = False + + +# -- Options for Texinfo output ------------------------------------------- + +# Grouping the document tree into Texinfo files. List of tuples +# (source start file, target name, title, author, +# dir menu entry, description, category) +texinfo_documents = [ + ('index', 'PySpike', u'PySpike Documentation', + u'Mario Mulansky', 'PySpike', 'Measure of spike train synchrony.', + 'Miscellaneous'), +] + +# Documents to append as an appendix to all manuals. +#texinfo_appendices = [] + +# If false, no module index is generated. +#texinfo_domain_indices = True + +# How to display URL addresses: 'footnote', 'no', or 'inline'. +#texinfo_show_urls = 'footnote' + +# If true, do not generate a @detailmenu in the "Top" node's menu. +#texinfo_no_detailmenu = False diff --git a/doc/index.rst b/doc/index.rst new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f34690b --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/index.rst @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +.. PySpike documentation master file, created by + sphinx-quickstart on Thu Oct 16 15:56:58 2014. + You can adapt this file completely to your liking, but it should at least + contain the root `toctree` directive. + +.. include:: ../Readme.rst + +Tutorial +=================================== + +.. include:: tutorial.rst + +Reference +=================================== + +.. toctree:: + :maxdepth: 2 + + pyspike + +Indices and tables +=================================== + +* :ref:`genindex` +* :ref:`modindex` +* :ref:`search` diff --git a/doc/pyspike.rst b/doc/pyspike.rst new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3b10d2a --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/pyspike.rst @@ -0,0 +1,79 @@ +pyspike package +=============== + + +Classes +---------------------------------------- + +SpikeTrain +........................................ +.. automodule:: pyspike.SpikeTrain + :members: + :undoc-members: + :show-inheritance: + +PieceWiseConstFunc +........................................ +.. automodule:: pyspike.PieceWiseConstFunc + :members: + :undoc-members: + :show-inheritance: + +PieceWiseLinFunc +........................................ +.. automodule:: pyspike.PieceWiseLinFunc + :members: + :undoc-members: + :show-inheritance: + +DiscreteFunc +........................................ +.. automodule:: pyspike.DiscreteFunc + :members: + :undoc-members: + :show-inheritance: + +Functions +---------- + +ISI-distance +........................................ +.. automodule:: pyspike.isi_distance + :members: + :undoc-members: + :show-inheritance: + +SPIKE-distance +........................................ +.. automodule:: pyspike.spike_distance + :members: + :undoc-members: + :show-inheritance: + +SPIKE-synchronization +........................................ +.. automodule:: pyspike.spike_sync + :members: + :undoc-members: + :show-inheritance: + +PSTH +........................................ +.. automodule:: pyspike.psth + :members: + :undoc-members: + :show-inheritance: + +Directionality +........................................ +.. automodule:: pyspike.spike_directionality + :members: + :undoc-members: + :show-inheritance: + +Helper functions +........................................ +.. automodule:: pyspike.spikes + :members: + :undoc-members: + :show-inheritance: diff --git a/doc/tutorial.rst b/doc/tutorial.rst new file mode 100644 index 0000000..377c0a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/tutorial.rst @@ -0,0 +1,299 @@ +Spike trains +------------ + +In PySpike, spike trains are represented by :class:`.SpikeTrain` objects. +A :class:`.SpikeTrain` object consists of the spike times given as `numpy` arrays as well as the edges of the spike train as :code:`[t_start, t_end]`. +The following code creates such a spike train with some arbitrary spike times: + +.. code:: python + + import numpy as np + from pyspike import SpikeTrain + + spike_train = SpikeTrain(np.array([0.1, 0.3, 0.45, 0.6, 0.9], [0.0, 1.0])) + +Loading from text files +....................... + +Typically, spike train data is loaded into PySpike from data files. +The most straight-forward data files are text files where each line represents one spike train given as an sequence of spike times. +An exemplary file with several spike trains is `PySpike_testdata.txt <https://github.com/mariomulansky/PySpike/blob/master/examples/PySpike_testdata.txt>`_. +To quickly obtain spike trains from such files, PySpike provides the function :func:`.load_spike_trains_from_txt`. + +.. code:: python + + import numpy as np + import pyspike as spk + + spike_trains = spk.load_spike_trains_from_txt("SPIKY_testdata.txt", + edges=(0, 4000)) + +This function expects the name of the data file as first parameter. +Furthermore, the time interval of the spike train measurement (edges of the spike trains) should be provided as a pair of start- and end-time values. +Furthermore, the spike trains are sorted via :code:`np.sort` (disable this feature by providing :code:`is_sorted=True` as a parameter to the load function). +As result, :func:`.load_spike_trains_from_txt` returns a *list of arrays* containing the spike trains in the text file. + + +Computing bivariate distances profiles +--------------------------------------- + +**Important note:** + +------------------------------ + + Spike trains are expected to be *sorted*! + For performance reasons, the PySpike distance functions do not check if the spike trains provided are indeed sorted. + Make sure that all your spike trains are sorted, which is ensured if you use the :func:`.load_spike_trains_from_txt` function with the parameter `is_sorted=False` (default). + If in doubt, use :meth:`.SpikeTrain.sort()` to ensure a correctly sorted spike train. + + If you need to copy a spike train, use the :meth:`.SpikeTrain.copy()` method. + Simple assignment `t2 = t1` does not create a copy of the spike train data, but a reference as `numpy.array` is used for storing the data. + +------------------------------ + +ISI-distance +............ + +The following code loads some exemplary spike trains, computes the dissimilarity profile of the ISI-distance of the first two :class:`.SpikeTrain` s, and plots it with matplotlib: + +.. code:: python + + import matplotlib.pyplot as plt + import pyspike as spk + + spike_trains = spk.load_spike_trains_from_txt("PySpike_testdata.txt", + edges=(0, 4000)) + isi_profile = spk.isi_profile(spike_trains[0], spike_trains[1]) + x, y = isi_profile.get_plottable_data() + plt.plot(x, y, '--k') + print("ISI distance: %.8f" % isi_profile.avrg()) + plt.show() + +The ISI-profile is a piece-wise constant function, and hence the function :func:`.isi_profile` returns an instance of the :class:`.PieceWiseConstFunc` class. +As shown above, this class allows you to obtain arrays that can be used to plot the function with :code:`plt.plt`, but also to compute the time average, which amounts to the final scalar ISI-distance. +By default, the time average is computed for the whole :class:`.PieceWiseConstFunc` function. +However, it is also possible to obtain the average of a specific interval by providing a pair of floats defining the start and end of the interval. +For the above example, the following code computes the ISI-distances obtained from averaging the ISI-profile over four different intervals: + +.. code:: python + + isi1 = isi_profile.avrg(interval=(0, 1000)) + isi2 = isi_profile.avrg(interval=(1000, 2000)) + isi3 = isi_profile.avrg(interval=[(0, 1000), (2000, 3000)]) + isi4 = isi_profile.avrg(interval=[(1000, 2000), (3000, 4000)]) + +Note, how also multiple intervals can be supplied by giving a list of tuples. + +If you are only interested in the scalar ISI-distance and not the profile, you can simply use: + +.. code:: python + + isi_dist = spk.isi_distance(spike_trains[0], spike_trains[1], interval=(0, 1000)) + +where :code:`interval` is optional, as above, and if omitted the ISI-distance is computed for the complete spike train. + +SPIKE-distance +.............. + +To compute for the spike distance profile you use the function :func:`.spike_profile` instead of :code:`isi_profile` above. +But the general approach is very similar: + +.. code:: python + + import matplotlib.pyplot as plt + import pyspike as spk + + spike_trains = spk.load_spike_trains_from_txt("PySpike_testdata.txt", + edges=(0, 4000)) + spike_profile = spk.spike_profile(spike_trains[0], spike_trains[1]) + x, y = spike_profile.get_plottable_data() + plt.plot(x, y, '--k') + print("SPIKE distance: %.8f" % spike_profile.avrg()) + plt.show() + +This short example computes and plots the SPIKE-profile of the first two spike trains in the file :code:`PySpike_testdata.txt`. + +In contrast to the ISI-profile, a SPIKE-profile is a piece-wise *linear* function and is therefore represented by a :class:`.PieceWiseLinFunc` object. +Just like the :class:`.PieceWiseConstFunc` for the ISI-profile, the :class:`.PieceWiseLinFunc` provides a :meth:`.PieceWiseLinFunc.get_plottable_data` member function that returns arrays that can be used directly to plot the function. +Furthermore, the :meth:`.PieceWiseLinFunc.avrg` member function returns the average of the profile defined as the overall SPIKE distance. +As above, you can provide an interval as a pair of floats as well as a sequence of such pairs to :code:`avrg` to specify the averaging interval if required. + +Again, you can use: + +.. code:: python + + spike_dist = spk.spike_distance(spike_trains[0], spike_trains[1], interval=ival) + +to compute the SPIKE distance directly, if you are not interested in the profile at all. +The parameter :code:`interval` is optional and if neglected the whole time interval is used. + + +SPIKE synchronization +..................... + +**Important note:** + +------------------------------ + + SPIKE-Synchronization measures *similarity*. + That means, a value of zero indicates absence of synchrony, while a value of one denotes the presence of synchrony. + This is exactly opposite to the other two measures: ISI- and SPIKE-distance. + +---------------------- + + +SPIKE synchronization is another approach to measure spike synchrony. +In contrast to the SPIKE- and ISI-distance, it measures similarity instead of dissimilarity, i.e. higher values represent larger synchrony. +Another difference is that the SPIKE synchronization profile is only defined exactly at the spike times, not for the whole interval of the spike trains. +Therefore, it is represented by a :class:`.DiscreteFunction`. + +To compute for the spike synchronization profile, PySpike provides the function :func:`.spike_sync_profile`. +The general handling of the profile, however, is similar to the other profiles above: + +.. code:: python + + import matplotlib.pyplot as plt + import pyspike as spk + + spike_trains = spk.load_spike_trains_from_txt("PySpike_testdata.txt", + edges=(0, 4000)) + spike_profile = spk.spike_sync_profile(spike_trains[0], spike_trains[1]) + x, y = spike_profile.get_plottable_data() + +For the direct computation of the overall spike synchronization value within some interval, the :func:`.spike_sync` function can be used: + +.. code:: python + + spike_sync = spk.spike_sync(spike_trains[0], spike_trains[1], interval=ival) + +Computing multivariate profiles and distances +---------------------------------------------- + +To compute the multivariate ISI-profile, SPIKE-profile or SPIKE-Synchronization profile for a set of spike trains, simply provide a list of spike trains to the profile or distance functions. +The following example computes the multivariate ISI-, SPIKE- and SPIKE-Sync-profile for a list of spike trains: + +.. code:: python + + spike_trains = spk.load_spike_trains_from_txt("PySpike_testdata.txt", + edges=(0, 4000)) + avrg_isi_profile = spk.isi_profile(spike_trains) + avrg_spike_profile = spk.spike_profile(spike_trains) + avrg_spike_sync_profile = spk.spike_sync_profile(spike_trains) + +All functions also take an optional parameter :code:`indices`, a list of indices that allows to define the spike trains that should be used for the multivariate profile. +As before, if you are only interested in the distance values, and not in the profile, you can call the functions: :func:`.isi_distance`, :func:`.spike_distance` and :func:`.spike_sync` with a list of spike trains. +They return the scalar overall multivariate ISI-, SPIKE-distance or the SPIKE-Synchronization value. + +The following code is equivalent to the bivariate example above, computing the ISI-Distance between the first two spike trains in the given interval using the :code:`indices` parameter: + +.. code:: python + + isi_dist = spk.isi_distance(spike_trains, indices=[0, 1], interval=(0, 1000)) + +As you can see, the distance functions also accept an :code:`interval` parameter that can be used to specify the begin and end of the averaging interval as a pair of floats, if neglected the complete interval is used. + +**Note:** + +------------------------------ + + Instead of providing lists of spike trains to the profile or distance functions, you can also call those functions with many spike trains as (unnamed) parameters, e.g.: + + .. code:: python + + # st1, st2, st3, st4 are spike trains + spike_prof = spk.spike_profile(st1, st2, st3, st4) + +------------------------------ + + +Another option to characterize large sets of spike trains are distance matrices. +Each entry in the distance matrix represents a bivariate distance (similarity for SPIKE-Synchronization) of two spike trains. +The distance matrix is symmetric and has zero values (ones) at the diagonal and is computed with the functions :func:`.isi_distance_matrix`, :func:`.spike_distance_matrix` and :func:`.spike_sync_matrix`. +The following example computes and plots the ISI- and SPIKE-distance matrix as well as the SPIKE-Synchronization-matrix, with different intervals. + +.. code:: python + + spike_trains = spk.load_spike_trains_from_txt("PySpike_testdata.txt", 4000) + + plt.figure() + isi_distance = spk.isi_distance_matrix(spike_trains) + plt.imshow(isi_distance, interpolation='none') + plt.title("ISI-distance") + + plt.figure() + spike_distance = spk.spike_distance_matrix(spike_trains, interval=(0,1000)) + plt.imshow(spike_distance, interpolation='none') + plt.title("SPIKE-distance") + + plt.figure() + spike_sync = spk.spike_sync_matrix(spike_trains, interval=(2000,4000)) + plt.imshow(spike_sync, interpolation='none') + plt.title("SPIKE-Sync") + + plt.show() + + +Quantifying Leaders and Followers: Spike Train Order +--------------------------------------- + +PySpike provides functionality to quantify how much a set of spike trains +resembles a synfire pattern (ie perfect leader-follower pattern). For details +on the algorithms please see +`our article in NJP <http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1367-2630/aa68c3>`_. + +The following example computes the Spike Order profile and Synfire Indicator +of two Poissonian spike trains. + +.. code:: python + import numpy as np + from matplotlib import pyplot as plt + import pyspike as spk + + + st1 = spk.generate_poisson_spikes(1.0, [0, 20]) + st2 = spk.generate_poisson_spikes(1.0, [0, 20]) + + d = spk.spike_directionality(st1, st2) + + print "Spike Directionality of two Poissonian spike trains:", d + + E = spk.spike_train_order_profile(st1, st2) + + plt.figure() + x, y = E.get_plottable_data() + plt.plot(x, y, '-ob') + plt.ylim(-1.1, 1.1) + plt.xlabel("t") + plt.ylabel("E") + plt.title("Spike Train Order Profile") + + plt.show() + +Additionally, PySpike can also compute the optimal ordering of the spike trains, +ie the ordering that most resembles a synfire pattern. The following example +computes the optimal order of a set of 20 Poissonian spike trains: + +.. code:: python + + M = 20 + spike_trains = [spk.generate_poisson_spikes(1.0, [0, 100]) for m in xrange(M)] + + F_init = spk.spike_train_order(spike_trains) + print "Initial Synfire Indicator for 20 Poissonian spike trains:", F_init + + D_init = spk.spike_directionality_matrix(spike_trains) + phi, _ = spk.optimal_spike_train_sorting(spike_trains) + F_opt = spk.spike_train_order(spike_trains, indices=phi) + print "Synfire Indicator of optimized spike train sorting:", F_opt + + D_opt = spk.permutate_matrix(D_init, phi) + + plt.figure() + plt.imshow(D_init) + plt.title("Initial Directionality Matrix") + + plt.figure() + plt.imshow(D_opt) + plt.title("Optimized Directionality Matrix") + + plt.show() diff --git a/doc/update_website b/doc/update_website new file mode 100755 index 0000000..dc73f49 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/update_website @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +#!/bin/bash + +git checkout gh-pages +rc=$? +if [[ $rc != 0 ]] ; then + exit $rc +fi +cp -r _build/html/*.html _build/html/*.js _build/html/_static _build/html/_modules ../ +echo "html files copied" +git commit -am"website update" +git push +git checkout master diff --git a/examples/PySpike_testdata.txt b/examples/PySpike_testdata.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..41b2362 --- /dev/null +++ b/examples/PySpike_testdata.txt @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +# PySpike exemplary spike trains +# lines starting with # are ignored, just like empty lines + +64.886 305.81 696 937.77 1059.7 1322.2 1576.1 1808.1 2121.5 2381.1 2728.6 2966.9 3223.7 3473.7 3644.3 3936.3 +65.553 307.49 696.63 948.66 1070.4 1312.2 1712.7 1934.3 2117.6 2356.9 2727.3 2980.6 3226.9 3475.7 3726.4 3944 +69.064 319.1 688.32 947.85 1071.8 1300.8 1697.2 1930.6 2139.4 2354.2 2723.7 2963.6 3221.3 3470.1 +59.955 313.83 692.23 955.95 1070.4 1319.6 1681.9 1963.5 2151.4 2373.8 2729.4 2971.2 3220.2 3475.5 3632.3 3788.9 +59.977 306.84 686.09 935.08 1059.9 1325.9 1543.4 1821.9 2150.2 2390.4 2724.5 2969.6 3222.5 3471.5 3576 3913.9 +66.415 313.41 688.83 931.43 1051.8 1304.6 1555.6 1820.2 2150.5 2383.1 2723.4 2947.7 3196.6 3443.5 3575 3804.9 +66.449 311.02 689.26 947.12 1058.9 1286.6 1708.2 1957.3 2124.8 2375.7 2709.4 2977.6 3191.1 3449.6 3590.4 3831.2 +63.764 318.45 697.48 936.97 1059.3 1325 1687.9 1944.7 2132.5 2377.1 2713.1 2976.6 3196.8 3442.6 3741.6 3998.3 +63.906 314.79 693.26 937.12 1065.9 1315.8 1584.3 1821.5 2126.3 2396.8 2709.1 2967 3197.4 3444 3732.8 3849.5 +69.493 316.62 689.81 943.62 1071.9 1296.3 1654.8 1931.9 2127.5 2390.6 2708.9 2950.4 3194.8 3445.2 3670.1 3903.3 +61.789 317.53 555.82 813.15 1198.7 1448.7 1686.7 1943.5 2060.7 2311.4 2658.2 2900.2 3167.4 3418.2 3617.3 3771 +64.098 309.86 567.27 813.91 1182 1464.3 1576.8 1822.5 2063.1 2311.7 2655.8 2911.7 3168.3 3418.2 3586.4 3999.7 +68.59 315.5 559.52 806.23 1182.5 1441.1 1567.2 1804.8 2074.9 2315.8 2655.1 2913.2 3165.9 3419.5 3648.1 3884.4 +66.507 314.42 556.42 814.83 1182.5 1440.3 1701.3 1911.1 2069.7 2319.3 2662.3 2903.2 3167.4 3418.5 3545 3893.9 +72.744 318.45 554.4 819.64 1186.9 1449.7 1676 1957.4 2051.4 2302.8 2657.8 2916.2 3169.4 3416.7 3570.4 3884.8 +64.779 324.42 560.56 828.99 1174.8 1439.9 1563.7 1790.6 2067.7 2287.6 2657.4 2905.2 3139.2 3389.1 3507.8 3807.5 +64.852 316.63 568.89 815.61 1198.3 1454.1 1710.6 1933.9 2091.5 2309.6 2660.9 2907.5 3137.2 3389.3 3617.2 +63.089 314.52 553.8 827.06 1183.9 1457.6 1558.9 1808.3 2064.5 2337.1 2653.6 2897 3143.7 3385.7 3668.7 3803.8 +62.23 315.16 564.35 812.15 1199.6 1448.9 1562.7 1839.1 2069.7 2308.9 2649.6 2919.7 3141 3389.9 3723.6 3882.2 +69.662 311.93 564.91 805.25 1209.7 1451.4 1691.9 1932.1 2044.2 2329.4 2657.1 2908.5 3142.8 3390.5 3597.3 3991.1 +183.42 431.34 562.41 809.57 1086.3 1308.9 1555.9 1831.3 2057 2326.9 2591.3 2831.4 3113.9 3367.9 3555.3 3956 +188.49 442.39 572.4 810.76 1065 1326.7 1564.3 1803.4 2060.4 2322.4 2607.2 2824.1 3110.2 3363.9 3644.1 3819.6 +177 437.76 569.82 819.66 1064.1 1309.2 1685.7 1957.5 2066.9 2313.8 2593.2 2847 3116.8 3364.5 3727.3 3881.6 +193.9 441.93 586.9 804.98 1062.5 1312.4 1542.4 1793.1 2073.9 2314.7 2587.8 2845.9 3112.4 3359.8 +193.01 440.26 555.64 814.08 1056.3 1315 1689.9 1961.4 2049.1 2305 2593.9 2847.5 3110.6 3361.1 3711.6 3914.7 +194.71 437.57 566.18 806.73 1069.2 1314.6 1682.7 1942.2 2061.8 2304.6 2607.6 2841.7 3082.9 3330.3 3679.7 3848.2 +184.88 441.22 570.92 794.35 1063.7 1309.9 1678.7 1930 2058 2321.3 2606.7 2845 3084.8 3337.3 3640 3952.1 +189.66 443.59 560.67 816.89 1070.4 1303.4 1550.1 1815.5 2057.6 2323.7 2587.1 2843.5 3086.6 3333.6 3618.2 3815.4 +190.41 440.77 568.96 808.56 1073.8 1322.1 1686.5 1952.8 2068.7 2335.7 2595.7 2845.4 3086 3333.5 3635.6 3939.3 +181.16 440.67 577.54 823.52 1052.5 1322.3 1578.4 1822.2 2079.4 2309.1 2596.9 2851.9 3083.5 3335.1 3531.2 3770.6 +181.09 434.97 687.15 943.33 1192.9 1444 1699.4 1942 2194.6 2445.9 2549.4 2785.1 3056.5 3308.2 3620.5 3932.7 +186.7 446.53 688.18 942.86 1186.1 1441.9 1688.1 1922.2 2196.6 2455.3 2534.8 2776.5 3060.3 3309.4 3514.1 3808.6 +196.76 446 681.26 948.27 1195.8 1433.1 1699 1933 2201.2 2461.4 2547.4 2777.8 3055.7 3307.1 3590.6 3952.8 +200.68 427.11 695.67 946.42 1178.6 1440.1 1538.4 1809 2199.8 2432.5 2531.6 2793.2 3056.6 3308.6 3510.6 3928.1 +190.83 429.57 698.73 931.16 1190.6 1428.9 1698.3 1935 2176.8 2424.7 2530.5 2766.9 3062 3309.7 3689.8 +181.47 441.93 682.32 943.01 1190.1 1459.1 1570.6 1819.6 2189.8 2437.9 2543.3 2782.8 3025.9 3280.2 3581 3855.9 +191.38 435.69 702.76 935.62 1188.3 1438.3 1564.2 1823.9 2191.3 2444.9 2531.9 2782.4 3030.7 3275.7 3677.7 3829.2 +191.97 433.85 686.29 932.65 1183.1 1432.7 1563.9 1826.5 2214.1 2436.8 2529.8 2778.3 3028.3 3281.8 3582 3863.4 +189.51 453.21 691.3 940.86 1180.1 1430.1 1567.1 1835 2199 2448.2 2526.7 2773.8 3030.5 3280.1 3576.2 3893.6 +190.88 435.48 692.66 940.51 1189.5 1448.9 1575.1 1824.2 2190.8 2425.9 2530.6 2783.3 3033.3 3279.5 3733 3838.9 diff --git a/examples/averages.py b/examples/averages.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8b405d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/examples/averages.py @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +""" averages.py + +Simple example showing how to compute averages of distance profiles + +Copyright 2014, Mario Mulansky <mario.mulansky@gmx.net> + +Distributed under the BSD License +""" + +from __future__ import print_function + +import pyspike as spk + +spike_trains = spk.load_spike_trains_from_txt("PySpike_testdata.txt", + edges=(0, 4000)) + +f = spk.isi_profile(spike_trains[0], spike_trains[1]) + +print("ISI-distance: %.8f" % f.avrg()) + +isi1 = f.avrg(interval=(0, 1000)) +isi2 = f.avrg(interval=(1000, 2000)) +isi3 = f.avrg(interval=[(0, 1000), (2000, 3000)]) +isi4 = f.avrg(interval=[(1000, 2000), (3000, 4000)]) + +print("ISI-distance (0-1000): %.8f" % isi1) +print("ISI-distance (1000-2000): %.8f" % isi2) +print("ISI-distance (0-1000) and (2000-3000): %.8f" % isi3) +print("ISI-distance (1000-2000) and (3000-4000): %.8f" % isi4) +print() + +f = spk.spike_profile(spike_trains[0], spike_trains[1]) + +print("SPIKE-distance: %.8f" % f.avrg()) + +spike1 = f.avrg(interval=(0, 1000)) +spike2 = f.avrg(interval=(1000, 2000)) +spike3 = f.avrg(interval=[(0, 1000), (2000, 3000)]) +spike4 = f.avrg(interval=[(1000, 2000), (3000, 4000)]) + +print("SPIKE-distance (0-1000): %.8f" % spike1) +print("SPIKE-distance (1000-2000): %.8f" % spike2) +print("SPIKE-distance (0-1000) and (2000-3000): %.8f" % spike3) +print("SPIKE-distance (1000-2000) and (3000-4000): %.8f" % spike4) +print() + +f = spk.spike_sync_profile(spike_trains[0], spike_trains[1]) + +print("SPIKE-Synchronization: %.8f" % f.avrg()) + +spike_sync1 = f.avrg(interval=(0, 1000)) +spike_sync2 = f.avrg(interval=(1000, 2000)) +spike_sync3 = f.avrg(interval=[(0, 1000), (2000, 3000)]) +spike_sync4 = f.avrg(interval=[(1000, 2000), (3000, 4000)]) + +print("SPIKE-Sync (0-1000): %.8f" % spike_sync1) +print("SPIKE-Sync (1000-2000): %.8f" % spike_sync2) +print("SPIKE-Sync (0-1000) and (2000-3000): %.8f" % spike_sync3) +print("SPIKE-Sync (1000-2000) and (3000-4000): %.8f" % spike_sync4) diff --git a/examples/distance_matrix.py b/examples/distance_matrix.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0e4d825 --- /dev/null +++ b/examples/distance_matrix.py @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +""" distance_matrix.py + +Simple example showing how to compute the isi distance matrix of a set of spike +trains. + +Copyright 2014, Mario Mulansky <mario.mulansky@gmx.net> + +Distributed under the BSD License +""" + + +from __future__ import print_function + +import matplotlib.pyplot as plt + +import pyspike as spk + +# first load the data, interval ending time = 4000, start=0 (default) +spike_trains = spk.load_spike_trains_from_txt("PySpike_testdata.txt", 4000) + +print(len(spike_trains)) + +plt.figure() +isi_distance = spk.isi_distance_matrix(spike_trains) +plt.imshow(isi_distance, interpolation='none') +plt.title("ISI-distance") + +plt.figure() +spike_distance = spk.spike_distance_matrix(spike_trains, interval=(0, 1000)) +plt.imshow(spike_distance, interpolation='none') +plt.title("SPIKE-distance, T=0-1000") + +plt.figure() +spike_sync = spk.spike_sync_matrix(spike_trains, interval=(2000, 4000)) +plt.imshow(spike_sync, interpolation='none') +plt.title("SPIKE-Sync, T=2000-4000") + +plt.show() diff --git a/examples/merge.py b/examples/merge.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b4437a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/examples/merge.py @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +""" merge.py + +Simple example showing the merging of two spike trains. + +Copyright 2014, Mario Mulansky <mario.mulansky@gmx.net> + +Distributed under the BSD License +""" + +from __future__ import print_function + +import numpy as np +import matplotlib.pyplot as plt + +import pyspike as spk + +# first load the data, ending time = 4000 +spike_trains = spk.load_spike_trains_from_txt("PySpike_testdata.txt", 4000) + +merged_spike_train = spk.merge_spike_trains([spike_trains[0], spike_trains[1]]) + +print(merged_spike_train.spikes) + +plt.plot(spike_trains[0], np.ones_like(spike_trains[0]), 'o') +plt.plot(spike_trains[1], np.ones_like(spike_trains[1]), 'x') +plt.plot(merged_spike_train.spikes, + 2*np.ones_like(merged_spike_train), 'o') + +plt.show() diff --git a/examples/multivariate.py b/examples/multivariate.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e9579a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/examples/multivariate.py @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +""" Example for the multivariate spike distance + +Copyright 2014, Mario Mulansky <mario.mulansky@gmx.net> + +""" +from __future__ import print_function +import time +import pyspike as spk + + +def time_diff_in_ms(start, end): + """ Returns the time difference end-start in ms. + """ + return (end-start)*1000 + + +t_start = time.clock() + +# load the data +time_loading = time.clock() +spike_trains = spk.load_spike_trains_from_txt("PySpike_testdata.txt", + edges=(0, 4000)) +t_loading = time.clock() + +print("Number of spike trains: %d" % len(spike_trains)) +num_of_spikes = sum([len(spike_trains[i]) + for i in range(len(spike_trains))]) +print("Number of spikes: %d" % num_of_spikes) + +# calculate the multivariate spike distance +f = spk.spike_profile(spike_trains) + +t_spike = time.clock() + +# print the average +avrg = f.avrg() +print("Spike distance from average: %.8f" % avrg) + +t_avrg = time.clock() + +# compute average distance directly, should give the same result as above +spike_dist = spk.spike_distance(spike_trains) +print("Spike distance directly: %.8f" % spike_dist) + +t_dist = time.clock() + +print("Loading: %9.1f ms" % time_diff_in_ms(t_start, t_loading)) +print("Computing profile: %9.1f ms" % time_diff_in_ms(t_loading, t_spike)) +print("Averaging: %9.1f ms" % time_diff_in_ms(t_spike, t_avrg)) +print("Computing distance: %9.1f ms" % time_diff_in_ms(t_avrg, t_dist)) +print("Total: %9.1f ms" % time_diff_in_ms(t_start, t_dist)) diff --git a/examples/performance.py b/examples/performance.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..30691f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/examples/performance.py @@ -0,0 +1,71 @@ +""" +Compute distances of large sets of spike trains for performance tests + +Copyright 2015, Mario Mulansky <mario.mulansky@gmx.net> + +Distributed under the BSD License + +""" + +from __future__ import print_function + +import pyspike as spk +from datetime import datetime +import cProfile +import pstats + +# in case you dont have the cython backends, disable the warnings as follows: +# spk.disable_backend_warning = True + +M = 100 # number of spike trains +r = 1.0 # rate of Poisson spike times +T = 1E3 # length of spike trains + +print("%d spike trains with %d spikes" % (M, int(r*T))) + +spike_trains = [] + +t_start = datetime.now() +for i in range(M): + spike_trains.append(spk.generate_poisson_spikes(r, T)) +t_end = datetime.now() +runtime = (t_end-t_start).total_seconds() + +sort_by = 'tottime' +# sort_by = 'cumtime' + +print("Spike generation runtime: %.3fs" % runtime) +print() + +print("================ ISI COMPUTATIONS ================") +print(" MULTIVARIATE DISTANCE") +cProfile.run('spk.isi_distance(spike_trains)', 'performance.stat') +p = pstats.Stats('performance.stat') +p.strip_dirs().sort_stats(sort_by).print_stats(5) + +print(" MULTIVARIATE PROFILE") +cProfile.run('spk.isi_profile(spike_trains)', 'performance.stat') +p = pstats.Stats('performance.stat') +p.strip_dirs().sort_stats(sort_by).print_stats(5) + +print("================ SPIKE COMPUTATIONS ================") +print(" MULTIVARIATE DISTANCE") +cProfile.run('spk.spike_distance(spike_trains)', 'performance.stat') +p = pstats.Stats('performance.stat') +p.strip_dirs().sort_stats(sort_by).print_stats(5) + +print(" MULTIVARIATE PROFILE") +cProfile.run('spk.spike_profile(spike_trains)', 'performance.stat') +p = pstats.Stats('performance.stat') +p.strip_dirs().sort_stats(sort_by).print_stats(5) + +print("================ SPIKE-SYNC COMPUTATIONS ================") +print(" MULTIVARIATE DISTANCE") +cProfile.run('spk.spike_sync(spike_trains)', 'performance.stat') +p = pstats.Stats('performance.stat') +p.strip_dirs().sort_stats(sort_by).print_stats(5) + +print(" MULTIVARIATE PROFILE") +cProfile.run('spk.spike_sync_profile(spike_trains)', 'performance.stat') +p = pstats.Stats('performance.stat') +p.strip_dirs().sort_stats(sort_by).print_stats(5) diff --git a/examples/plot.py b/examples/plot.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a0e04da --- /dev/null +++ b/examples/plot.py @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +""" plot.py + +Simple example showing how to load and plot spike trains and their distance +profiles. + +Copyright 2014, Mario Mulansky <mario.mulansky@gmx.net> + +Distributed under the BSD License +""" + + +from __future__ import print_function + +import numpy as np +import matplotlib.pyplot as plt + +import pyspike as spk + + +spike_trains = spk.load_spike_trains_from_txt("PySpike_testdata.txt", + edges=(0, 4000)) + +# plot the spike times +for (i, spike_train) in enumerate(spike_trains): + plt.scatter(spike_train, i*np.ones_like(spike_train), marker='|') + +# profile of the first two spike trains +f = spk.isi_profile(spike_trains, indices=[0, 1]) +x, y = f.get_plottable_data() + +plt.figure() +plt.plot(x, np.abs(y), '--k', label="ISI-profile") + +print("ISI-distance: %.8f" % f.avrg()) + +f = spk.spike_profile(spike_trains, indices=[0, 1]) +x, y = f.get_plottable_data() + +plt.plot(x, y, '-b', label="SPIKE-profile") + +print("SPIKE-distance: %.8f" % f.avrg()) + +plt.legend(loc="upper left") + +plt.show() diff --git a/examples/profiles.py b/examples/profiles.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8412ffb --- /dev/null +++ b/examples/profiles.py @@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ +""" profiles.py + +Simple example showing some functionality of distance profiles. + +Copyright 2015, Mario Mulansky <mario.mulansky@gmx.net> + +Distributed under the BSD License +""" + + +from __future__ import print_function + +import pyspike as spk + +spike_trains = spk.load_spike_trains_from_txt("PySpike_testdata.txt", + edges=(0, 4000)) + +##### ISI PROFILES ####### + +# compute the ISI profile of the first two spike trains +f = spk.isi_profile(spike_trains[0], spike_trains[1]) + +# ISI values at certain points +t = 1200 +print("ISI value at t =", t, ":", f(t)) +t = [900, 1100, 2000, 3100] +print("ISI value at t =", t, ":", f(t)) +print("Average ISI distance:", f.avrg()) +print() + +# compute the multivariate ISI profile +f = spk.isi_profile(spike_trains) + +t = 1200 +print("Multivariate ISI value at t =", t, ":", f(t)) +t = [900, 1100, 2000, 3100] +print("Multivariate ISI value at t =", t, ":", f(t)) +print("Average multivariate ISI distance:", f.avrg()) +print() +print() + +# for plotting, use the get_plottable_data() member function, see plot.py + + +##### SPIKE PROFILES ####### + +# compute the SPIKE profile of the first two spike trains +f = spk.spike_profile(spike_trains[0], spike_trains[1]) + +# SPIKE distance values at certain points +t = 1200 +print("SPIKE value at t =", t, ":", f(t)) +t = [900, 1100, 2000, 3100] +print("SPIKE value at t =", t, ":", f(t)) +print("Average SPIKE distance:", f.avrg()) +print() + +# compute the multivariate SPIKE profile +f = spk.spike_profile(spike_trains) + +# SPIKE values at certain points +t = 1200 +print("Multivariate SPIKE value at t =", t, ":", f(t)) +t = [900, 1100, 2000, 3100] +print("Multivariate SPIKE value at t =", t, ":", f(t)) +print("Average multivariate SPIKE distance:", f.avrg()) diff --git a/examples/spike_sync.py b/examples/spike_sync.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..13ca0ce --- /dev/null +++ b/examples/spike_sync.py @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +from __future__ import print_function + +import matplotlib.pyplot as plt + +import pyspike as spk + +spike_trains = spk.load_spike_trains_from_txt("../test/SPIKE_Sync_Test.txt", + edges=(0, 4000)) + +plt.figure() + +f = spk.spike_sync_profile(spike_trains[0], spike_trains[1]) +x, y = f.get_plottable_data() +plt.plot(x, y, '--ok', label="SPIKE-SYNC profile") +print(f.x) +print(f.y) +print(f.mp) + +print("Average:", f.avrg()) + + +f = spk.spike_profile(spike_trains[0], spike_trains[1]) +x, y = f.get_plottable_data() + +plt.plot(x, y, '-b', label="SPIKE-profile") + +plt.axis([0, 4000, -0.1, 1.1]) +plt.legend(loc="center right") + +plt.figure() + +plt.subplot(211) + +f = spk.spike_sync_profile(spike_trains) +x, y = f.get_plottable_data() +plt.plot(x, y, '-b', alpha=0.7, label="SPIKE-Sync profile") + +x1, y1 = f.get_plottable_data(averaging_window_size=50) +plt.plot(x1, y1, '-k', lw=2.5, label="averaged SPIKE-Sync profile") + +plt.subplot(212) + +f_psth = spk.psth(spike_trains, bin_size=50.0) +x, y = f_psth.get_plottable_data() +plt.plot(x, y, '-k', alpha=1.0, label="PSTH") + + +print("Average:", f.avrg()) + +plt.show() diff --git a/examples/spike_train_order.py b/examples/spike_train_order.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3a42472 --- /dev/null +++ b/examples/spike_train_order.py @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +import numpy as np +from matplotlib import pyplot as plt +import pyspike as spk + + +st1 = spk.generate_poisson_spikes(1.0, [0, 20]) +st2 = spk.generate_poisson_spikes(1.0, [0, 20]) + +d = spk.spike_directionality(st1, st2) + +print "Spike Directionality of two Poissonian spike trains:", d + +E = spk.spike_train_order_profile(st1, st2) + +plt.figure() +x, y = E.get_plottable_data() +plt.plot(x, y, '-ob') +plt.ylim(-1.1, 1.1) +plt.xlabel("t") +plt.ylabel("E") +plt.title("Spike Train Order Profile") + + +###### Optimize spike train order of 20 Random spike trains ####### + +M = 20 + +spike_trains = [spk.generate_poisson_spikes(1.0, [0, 100]) for m in xrange(M)] + +F_init = spk.spike_train_order(spike_trains) + +print "Initial Synfire Indicator for 20 Poissonian spike trains:", F_init + +D_init = spk.spike_directionality_matrix(spike_trains) + +phi, _ = spk.optimal_spike_train_sorting(spike_trains) + +F_opt = spk.spike_train_order(spike_trains, indices=phi) + +print "Synfire Indicator of optimized spike train sorting:", F_opt + +D_opt = spk.permutate_matrix(D_init, phi) + +plt.figure() +plt.imshow(D_init) +plt.title("Initial Directionality Matrix") + +plt.figure() +plt.imshow(D_opt) +plt.title("Optimized Directionality Matrix") + +plt.show() diff --git a/pyspike/DiscreteFunc.py b/pyspike/DiscreteFunc.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..caad290 --- /dev/null +++ b/pyspike/DiscreteFunc.py @@ -0,0 +1,250 @@ +# Class representing discrete functions. +# Copyright 2014-2015, Mario Mulansky <mario.mulansky@gmx.net> +# Distributed under the BSD License + +from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function + +import numpy as np +import collections +import pyspike + + +############################################################## +# DiscreteFunc +############################################################## +class DiscreteFunc(object): + """ A class representing values defined on a discrete set of points. + """ + + def __init__(self, x, y, multiplicity): + """ Constructs the discrete function. + + :param x: array of length N defining the points at which the values are + defined. + :param y: array of length N degining the values at the points x. + :param multiplicity: array of length N defining the multiplicity of the + values. + """ + # convert parameters to arrays, also ensures copying + self.x = np.array(x) + self.y = np.array(y) + self.mp = np.array(multiplicity) + + def copy(self): + """ Returns a copy of itself + + :rtype: :class:`DiscreteFunc` + """ + return DiscreteFunc(self.x, self.y, self.mp) + + def almost_equal(self, other, decimal=14): + """ Checks if the function is equal to another function up to `decimal` + precision. + + :param other: another :class:`DiscreteFunc` + :returns: True if the two functions are equal up to `decimal` decimals, + False otherwise + :rtype: bool + """ + eps = 10.0**(-decimal) + return np.allclose(self.x, other.x, atol=eps, rtol=0.0) and \ + np.allclose(self.y, other.y, atol=eps, rtol=0.0) and \ + np.allclose(self.mp, other.mp, atol=eps, rtol=0.0) + + def get_plottable_data(self, averaging_window_size=0): + """ Returns two arrays containing x- and y-coordinates for plotting + the interval sequence. The optional parameter `averaging_window_size` + determines the size of an averaging window to smoothen the profile. If + this value is 0, no averaging is performed. + + :param averaging_window_size: size of the averaging window, default=0. + :returns: (x_plot, y_plot) containing plottable data + :rtype: pair of np.array + + Example:: + + x, y = f.get_plottable_data() + plt.plot(x, y, '-o', label="Discrete function") + """ + + if averaging_window_size > 0: + # for the averaged profile we have to take the multiplicity into + # account. values with higher multiplicity should be consider as if + # they appeared several times. Hence we can not know how many + # entries we have to consider to the left and right. Rather, we + # will iterate until some wanted multiplicity is reached. + + # the first value in self.mp contains the number of averaged + # profiles without any possible extra multiplicities + # (by implementation) + expected_mp = (averaging_window_size+1) * int(self.mp[0]) + y_plot = np.zeros_like(self.y) + # compute the values in a loop, could be done in cython if required + for i in range(len(y_plot)): + + if self.mp[i] >= expected_mp: + # the current value contains already all the wanted + # multiplicity + y_plot[i] = self.y[i]/self.mp[i] + continue + + # first look to the right + y = self.y[i] + mp_r = self.mp[i] + j = i+1 + while j < len(y_plot): + if mp_r+self.mp[j] < expected_mp: + # if we still dont reach the required multiplicity + # we take the whole value + y += self.y[j] + mp_r += self.mp[j] + else: + # otherwise, just some fraction + y += self.y[j] * (expected_mp - mp_r)/self.mp[j] + mp_r += (expected_mp - mp_r) + break + j += 1 + + # same story to the left + mp_l = self.mp[i] + j = i-1 + while j >= 0: + if mp_l+self.mp[j] < expected_mp: + y += self.y[j] + mp_l += self.mp[j] + else: + y += self.y[j] * (expected_mp - mp_l)/self.mp[j] + mp_l += (expected_mp - mp_l) + break + j -= 1 + y_plot[i] = y/(mp_l+mp_r-self.mp[i]) + return 1.0*self.x, y_plot + + else: # k = 0 + + return 1.0*self.x, 1.0*self.y/self.mp + + def integral(self, interval=None): + """ Returns the integral over the given interval. For the discrete + function, this amounts to two values: the sum over all values and the + sum over all multiplicities. + + :param interval: integration interval given as a pair of floats, or a + sequence of pairs in case of multiple intervals, if + None the integral over the whole function is computed. + :type interval: Pair, sequence of pairs, or None. + :returns: the summed values and the summed multiplicity + :rtype: pair of float + """ + + value = 0.0 + multiplicity = 0.0 + + def get_indices(ival): + """ Retuns the indeces surrounding the given interval""" + start_ind = np.searchsorted(self.x, ival[0], side='right') + end_ind = np.searchsorted(self.x, ival[1], side='left') + assert start_ind > 0 and end_ind < len(self.x), \ + "Invalid averaging interval" + return start_ind, end_ind + + if interval is None: + # no interval given, integrate over the whole spike train + # don't count the first value, which is zero by definition + value = 1.0 * np.sum(self.y[1:-1]) + multiplicity = np.sum(self.mp[1:-1]) + else: + # check if interval is as sequence + assert isinstance(interval, collections.Sequence), \ + "Invalid value for `interval`. None, Sequence or Tuple \ +expected." + # check if interval is a sequence of intervals + if not isinstance(interval[0], collections.Sequence): + # find the indices corresponding to the interval + start_ind, end_ind = get_indices(interval) + value = np.sum(self.y[start_ind:end_ind]) + multiplicity = np.sum(self.mp[start_ind:end_ind]) + else: + for ival in interval: + # find the indices corresponding to the interval + start_ind, end_ind = get_indices(ival) + value += np.sum(self.y[start_ind:end_ind]) + multiplicity += np.sum(self.mp[start_ind:end_ind]) + return (value, multiplicity) + + def avrg(self, interval=None, normalize=True): + """ Computes the average of the interval sequence: + :math:`a = 1/N \\sum f_n` where N is the number of intervals. + + :param interval: averaging interval given as a pair of floats, a + sequence of pairs for averaging multiple intervals, or + None, if None the average over the whole function is + computed. + :type interval: Pair, sequence of pairs, or None. + :returns: the average a. + :rtype: float + """ + val, mp = self.integral(interval) + if normalize: + if mp > 0: + return val/mp + else: + return 1.0 + else: + return val + + def add(self, f): + """ Adds another `DiscreteFunc` function to this function. + Note: only functions defined on the same interval can be summed. + + :param f: :class:`DiscreteFunc` function to be added. + :rtype: None + """ + assert self.x[0] == f.x[0], "The functions have different intervals" + assert self.x[-1] == f.x[-1], "The functions have different intervals" + + # cython version + try: + from .cython.cython_add import add_discrete_function_cython as \ + add_discrete_function_impl + except ImportError: + if not(pyspike.disable_backend_warning): + print("Warning: add_discrete_function_cython not found. Make \ +sure that PySpike is installed by running\n\ +'python setup.py build_ext --inplace'! \ +\n Falling back to slow python backend.") + # use python backend + from .cython.python_backend import add_discrete_function_python as \ + add_discrete_function_impl + + self.x, self.y, self.mp = \ + add_discrete_function_impl(self.x, self.y, self.mp, + f.x, f.y, f.mp) + + def mul_scalar(self, fac): + """ Multiplies the function with a scalar value + + :param fac: Value to multiply + :type fac: double + :rtype: None + """ + self.y *= fac + + +def average_profile(profiles): + """ Computes the average profile from the given ISI- or SPIKE-profiles. + + :param profiles: list of :class:`PieceWiseConstFunc` or + :class:`PieceWiseLinFunc` representing ISI- or + SPIKE-profiles to be averaged. + :returns: the averages profile :math:`<S_{isi}>` or :math:`<S_{spike}>`. + :rtype: :class:`PieceWiseConstFunc` or :class:`PieceWiseLinFunc` + """ + assert len(profiles) > 1 + + avrg_profile = profiles[0].copy() + for i in range(1, len(profiles)): + avrg_profile.add(profiles[i]) + avrg_profile.mul_scalar(1.0/len(profiles)) # normalize + + return avrg_profile diff --git a/pyspike/PieceWiseConstFunc.py b/pyspike/PieceWiseConstFunc.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..17fdd3f --- /dev/null +++ b/pyspike/PieceWiseConstFunc.py @@ -0,0 +1,225 @@ +# Class representing piece-wise constant functions. +# Copyright 2014-2015, Mario Mulansky <mario.mulansky@gmx.net> +# Distributed under the BSD License + +from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function + +import numpy as np +import collections +import pyspike + + +############################################################## +# PieceWiseConstFunc +############################################################## +class PieceWiseConstFunc(object): + """ A class representing a piece-wise constant function. """ + + def __init__(self, x, y): + """ Constructs the piece-wise const function. + + :param x: array of length N+1 defining the edges of the intervals of + the pwc function. + :param y: array of length N defining the function values at the + intervals. + """ + # convert parameters to arrays, also ensures copying + self.x = np.array(x) + self.y = np.array(y) + + def __call__(self, t): + """ Returns the function value for the given time t. If t is a list of + times, the corresponding list of values is returned. + + :param: time t, or list of times + :returns: function value(s) at that time(s). + """ + assert np.all(t >= self.x[0]) and np.all(t <= self.x[-1]), \ + "Invalid time: " + str(t) + + ind = np.searchsorted(self.x, t, side='right') + + if isinstance(t, collections.Sequence): + # t is a sequence of values + # correct the cases t == x[0], t == x[-1] + ind[ind == 0] = 1 + ind[ind == len(self.x)] = len(self.x)-1 + value = self.y[ind-1] + # correct the values at exact spike times: there the value should + # be the at half of the step + # obtain the 'left' side indices for t + ind_l = np.searchsorted(self.x, t, side='left') + # if left and right side indices differ, the time t has to appear + # in self.x + ind_at_spike = np.logical_and(np.logical_and(ind != ind_l, + ind > 1), + ind < len(self.x)) + # get the corresponding indices for the resulting value array + val_ind = np.arange(len(ind))[ind_at_spike] + # and for the arrays self.x, y1, y2 + xy_ind = ind[ind_at_spike] + # use the middle of the left and right ISI value + value[val_ind] = 0.5 * (self.y[xy_ind-1] + self.y[xy_ind-2]) + return value + else: # t is a single value + # specific check for interval edges + if t == self.x[0]: + return self.y[0] + if t == self.x[-1]: + return self.y[-1] + # check if we are on any other exact spike time + if sum(self.x == t) > 0: + # use the middle of the left and right ISI value + return 0.5 * (self.y[ind-1] + self.y[ind-2]) + return self.y[ind-1] + + def copy(self): + """ Returns a copy of itself + + :rtype: :class:`PieceWiseConstFunc` + """ + return PieceWiseConstFunc(self.x, self.y) + + def almost_equal(self, other, decimal=14): + """ Checks if the function is equal to another function up to `decimal` + precision. + + :param other: another :class:`PieceWiseConstFunc` + :returns: True if the two functions are equal up to `decimal` decimals, + False otherwise + :rtype: bool + """ + eps = 10.0**(-decimal) + return np.allclose(self.x, other.x, atol=eps, rtol=0.0) and \ + np.allclose(self.y, other.y, atol=eps, rtol=0.0) + + def get_plottable_data(self): + """ Returns two arrays containing x- and y-coordinates for immeditate + plotting of the piece-wise function. + + :returns: (x_plot, y_plot) containing plottable data + :rtype: pair of np.array + + Example:: + + x, y = f.get_plottable_data() + plt.plot(x, y, '-o', label="Piece-wise const function") + """ + + x_plot = np.empty(2*len(self.x)-2) + x_plot[0] = self.x[0] + x_plot[1::2] = self.x[1:] + x_plot[2::2] = self.x[1:-1] + y_plot = np.empty(2*len(self.y)) + y_plot[::2] = self.y + y_plot[1::2] = self.y + + return x_plot, y_plot + + def integral(self, interval=None): + """ Returns the integral over the given interval. + + :param interval: integration interval given as a pair of floats, if + None the integral over the whole function is computed. + :type interval: Pair of floats or None. + :returns: the integral + :rtype: float + """ + if interval is None: + # no interval given, integrate over the whole spike train + a = np.sum((self.x[1:]-self.x[:-1]) * self.y) + else: + if interval[0]>interval[1]: + raise ValueError("Invalid averaging interval: interval[0]>=interval[1]") + if interval[0]<self.x[0]: + raise ValueError("Invalid averaging interval: interval[0]<self.x[0]") + if interval[1]>self.x[-1]: + raise ValueError("Invalid averaging interval: interval[0]<self.x[-1]") + # find the indices corresponding to the interval + start_ind = np.searchsorted(self.x, interval[0], side='right') + end_ind = np.searchsorted(self.x, interval[1], side='left')-1 + if start_ind > end_ind: + # contribution from between two closest edges + a = (self.x[start_ind]-self.x[end_ind]) * self.y[end_ind] + # minus the part that is not within the interval + a -= ((interval[0]-self.x[end_ind])+(self.x[start_ind]-interval[1])) * self.y[end_ind] + else: + assert start_ind > 0 and end_ind < len(self.x), \ + "Invalid averaging interval" + # first the contribution from between the indices + a = np.sum((self.x[start_ind+1:end_ind+1] - + self.x[start_ind:end_ind]) * + self.y[start_ind:end_ind]) + # correction from start to first index + a += (self.x[start_ind]-interval[0]) * self.y[start_ind-1] + # correction from last index to end + a += (interval[1]-self.x[end_ind]) * self.y[end_ind] + return a + + def avrg(self, interval=None): + """ Computes the average of the piece-wise const function: + :math:`a = 1/T \int_0^T f(x) dx` where T is the length of the interval. + + :param interval: averaging interval given as a pair of floats, a + sequence of pairs for averaging multiple intervals, or + None, if None the average over the whole function is + computed. + :type interval: Pair, sequence of pairs, or None. + :returns: the average a. + :rtype: float + """ + if interval is None: + # no interval given, average over the whole spike train + return self.integral() / (self.x[-1]-self.x[0]) + + # check if interval is as sequence + assert isinstance(interval, collections.Sequence), \ + "Invalid value for `interval`. None, Sequence or Tuple expected." + # check if interval is a sequence of intervals + if not isinstance(interval[0], collections.Sequence): + # just one interval + a = self.integral(interval) / (interval[1]-interval[0]) + else: + # several intervals + a = 0.0 + int_length = 0.0 + for ival in interval: + a += self.integral(ival) + int_length += ival[1] - ival[0] + a /= int_length + return a + + def add(self, f): + """ Adds another PieceWiseConst function to this function. + Note: only functions defined on the same interval can be summed. + + :param f: :class:`PieceWiseConstFunc` function to be added. + :rtype: None + """ + assert self.x[0] == f.x[0], "The functions have different intervals" + assert self.x[-1] == f.x[-1], "The functions have different intervals" + + # cython version + try: + from .cython.cython_add import add_piece_wise_const_cython as \ + add_piece_wise_const_impl + except ImportError: + if not(pyspike.disable_backend_warning): + print("Warning: add_piece_wise_const_cython not found. Make \ +sure that PySpike is installed by running\n \ +'python setup.py build_ext --inplace'! \ +\n Falling back to slow python backend.") + # use python backend + from .cython.python_backend import add_piece_wise_const_python as \ + add_piece_wise_const_impl + + self.x, self.y = add_piece_wise_const_impl(self.x, self.y, f.x, f.y) + + def mul_scalar(self, fac): + """ Multiplies the function with a scalar value + + :param fac: Value to multiply + :type fac: double + :rtype: None + """ + self.y *= fac diff --git a/pyspike/PieceWiseLinFunc.py b/pyspike/PieceWiseLinFunc.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8faaec4 --- /dev/null +++ b/pyspike/PieceWiseLinFunc.py @@ -0,0 +1,270 @@ +# Class representing piece-wise linear functions. +# Copyright 2014-2015, Mario Mulansky <mario.mulansky@gmx.net> +# Distributed under the BSD License + +from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function + +import numpy as np +import collections +import pyspike + + +############################################################## +# PieceWiseLinFunc +############################################################## +class PieceWiseLinFunc: + """ A class representing a piece-wise linear function. """ + + def __init__(self, x, y1, y2): + """ Constructs the piece-wise linear function. + + :param x: array of length N+1 defining the edges of the intervals of + the pwc function. + :param y1: array of length N defining the function values at the left + of the intervals. + :param y2: array of length N defining the function values at the right + of the intervals. + """ + # convert to array, which also ensures copying + self.x = np.array(x) + self.y1 = np.array(y1) + self.y2 = np.array(y2) + + def __call__(self, t): + """ Returns the function value for the given time t. If t is a list of + times, the corresponding list of values is returned. + + :param: time t, or list of times + :returns: function value(s) at that time(s). + """ + def intermediate_value(x0, x1, y0, y1, x): + """ computes the intermediate value of a linear function """ + return y0 + (y1-y0)*(x-x0)/(x1-x0) + + assert np.all(t >= self.x[0]) and np.all(t <= self.x[-1]), \ + "Invalid time: " + str(t) + + ind = np.searchsorted(self.x, t, side='right') + + if isinstance(t, collections.Sequence): + # t is a sequence of values + # correct the cases t == x[0], t == x[-1] + ind[ind == 0] = 1 + ind[ind == len(self.x)] = len(self.x)-1 + value = intermediate_value(self.x[ind-1], + self.x[ind], + self.y1[ind-1], + self.y2[ind-1], + t) + # correct the values at exact spike times: there the value should + # be the at half of the step + # obtain the 'left' side indices for t + ind_l = np.searchsorted(self.x, t, side='left') + # if left and right side indices differ, the time t has to appear + # in self.x + ind_at_spike = np.logical_and(np.logical_and(ind != ind_l, + ind > 1), + ind < len(self.x)) + # get the corresponding indices for the resulting value array + val_ind = np.arange(len(ind))[ind_at_spike] + # and for the values in self.x, y1, y2 + xy_ind = ind[ind_at_spike] + # the values are defined as the average of the left and right limit + value[val_ind] = 0.5 * (self.y1[xy_ind-1] + self.y2[xy_ind-2]) + return value + else: # t is a single value + # specific check for interval edges + if t == self.x[0]: + return self.y1[0] + if t == self.x[-1]: + return self.y2[-1] + # check if we are on any other exact spike time + if sum(self.x == t) > 0: + # use the middle of the left and right Spike value + return 0.5 * (self.y1[ind-1] + self.y2[ind-2]) + return intermediate_value(self.x[ind-1], + self.x[ind], + self.y1[ind-1], + self.y2[ind-1], + t) + + def copy(self): + """ Returns a copy of itself + + :rtype: :class:`PieceWiseLinFunc` + """ + return PieceWiseLinFunc(self.x, self.y1, self.y2) + + def almost_equal(self, other, decimal=14): + """ Checks if the function is equal to another function up to `decimal` + precision. + + :param other: another :class:`PieceWiseLinFunc` + :returns: True if the two functions are equal up to `decimal` decimals, + False otherwise + :rtype: bool + """ + eps = 10.0**(-decimal) + return np.allclose(self.x, other.x, atol=eps, rtol=0.0) and \ + np.allclose(self.y1, other.y1, atol=eps, rtol=0.0) and \ + np.allclose(self.y2, other.y2, atol=eps, rtol=0.0) + + def get_plottable_data(self): + """ Returns two arrays containing x- and y-coordinates for immeditate + plotting of the piece-wise function. + + :returns: (x_plot, y_plot) containing plottable data + :rtype: pair of np.array + + Example:: + + x, y = f.get_plottable_data() + plt.plot(x, y, '-o', label="Piece-wise const function") + """ + x_plot = np.empty(2*len(self.x)-2) + x_plot[0] = self.x[0] + x_plot[1::2] = self.x[1:] + x_plot[2::2] = self.x[1:-1] + y_plot = np.empty_like(x_plot) + y_plot[0::2] = self.y1 + y_plot[1::2] = self.y2 + return x_plot, y_plot + + def integral(self, interval=None): + """ Returns the integral over the given interval. + + :param interval: integration interval given as a pair of floats, if + None the integral over the whole function is computed. + :type interval: Pair of floats or None. + :returns: the integral + :rtype: float + """ + + def intermediate_value(x0, x1, y0, y1, x): + """ computes the intermediate value of a linear function """ + return y0 + (y1-y0)*(x-x0)/(x1-x0) + + if interval is None: + # no interval given, integrate over the whole spike train + return np.sum((self.x[1:]-self.x[:-1]) * 0.5*(self.y1+self.y2)) + + # find the indices corresponding to the interval + start_ind = np.searchsorted(self.x, interval[0], side='right') + end_ind = np.searchsorted(self.x, interval[1], side='left')-1 + assert start_ind > 0 and end_ind < len(self.x), \ + "Invalid averaging interval" + if start_ind > end_ind: + print(start_ind, end_ind, self.x[start_ind]) + # contribution from between two closest edges + y_x0 = intermediate_value(self.x[start_ind-1], + self.x[start_ind], + self.y1[start_ind-1], + self.y2[start_ind-1], + interval[0]) + y_x1 = intermediate_value(self.x[start_ind-1], + self.x[start_ind], + self.y1[start_ind-1], + self.y2[start_ind-1], + interval[1]) + print(y_x0, y_x1, interval[1] - interval[0]) + integral = (y_x0 + y_x1) * 0.5 * (interval[1] - interval[0]) + print(integral) + else: + # first the contribution from between the indices + integral = np.sum((self.x[start_ind+1:end_ind+1] - + self.x[start_ind:end_ind]) * + 0.5*(self.y1[start_ind:end_ind] + + self.y2[start_ind:end_ind])) + # correction from start to first index + integral += (self.x[start_ind]-interval[0]) * 0.5 * \ + (self.y2[start_ind-1] + + intermediate_value(self.x[start_ind-1], + self.x[start_ind], + self.y1[start_ind-1], + self.y2[start_ind-1], + interval[0])) + # correction from last index to end + integral += (interval[1]-self.x[end_ind]) * 0.5 * \ + (self.y1[end_ind] + + intermediate_value(self.x[end_ind], self.x[end_ind+1], + self.y1[end_ind], self.y2[end_ind], + interval[1] + )) + return integral + + def avrg(self, interval=None): + """ Computes the average of the piece-wise linear function: + :math:`a = 1/T \int_0^T f(x) dx` where T is the interval length. + + :param interval: averaging interval given as a pair of floats, a + sequence of pairs for averaging multiple intervals, or + None, if None the average over the whole function is + computed. + :type interval: Pair, sequence of pairs, or None. + :returns: the average a. + :rtype: float + + """ + + if interval is None: + # no interval given, average over the whole spike train + return self.integral() / (self.x[-1]-self.x[0]) + + # check if interval is as sequence + assert isinstance(interval, collections.Sequence), \ + "Invalid value for `interval`. None, Sequence or Tuple expected." + # check if interval is a sequence of intervals + if not isinstance(interval[0], collections.Sequence): + # just one interval + a = self.integral(interval) / (interval[1]-interval[0]) + else: + # several intervals + a = 0.0 + int_length = 0.0 + for ival in interval: + a += self.integral(ival) + int_length += ival[1] - ival[0] + a /= int_length + return a + + def add(self, f): + """ Adds another PieceWiseLin function to this function. + Note: only functions defined on the same interval can be summed. + + :param f: :class:`PieceWiseLinFunc` function to be added. + :rtype: None + """ + assert self.x[0] == f.x[0], "The functions have different intervals" + assert self.x[-1] == f.x[-1], "The functions have different intervals" + + # python implementation + # from .python_backend import add_piece_wise_lin_python + # self.x, self.y1, self.y2 = add_piece_wise_lin_python( + # self.x, self.y1, self.y2, f.x, f.y1, f.y2) + + # cython version + try: + from .cython.cython_add import add_piece_wise_lin_cython as \ + add_piece_wise_lin_impl + except ImportError: + if not(pyspike.disable_backend_warning): + print("Warning: add_piece_wise_lin_cython not found. Make \ +sure that PySpike is installed by running\n \ +'python setup.py build_ext --inplace'! \n \ +Falling back to slow python backend.") + # use python backend + from .cython.python_backend import add_piece_wise_lin_python as \ + add_piece_wise_lin_impl + + self.x, self.y1, self.y2 = add_piece_wise_lin_impl( + self.x, self.y1, self.y2, f.x, f.y1, f.y2) + + def mul_scalar(self, fac): + """ Multiplies the function with a scalar value + + :param fac: Value to multiply + :type fac: double + :rtype: None + """ + self.y1 *= fac + self.y2 *= fac diff --git a/pyspike/SpikeTrain.py b/pyspike/SpikeTrain.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..19f2419 --- /dev/null +++ b/pyspike/SpikeTrain.py @@ -0,0 +1,75 @@ +# Module containing the class representing spike trains for PySpike. +# Copyright 2015, Mario Mulansky <mario.mulansky@gmx.net> +# Distributed under the BSD License + +import numpy as np + + +class SpikeTrain(object): + """ Class representing spike trains for the PySpike Module.""" + + def __init__(self, spike_times, edges, is_sorted=True): + """ Constructs the SpikeTrain. + + :param spike_times: ordered array of spike times. + :param edges: The edges of the spike train. Given as a pair of floats + (T0, T1) or a single float T1, where then T0=0 is + assumed. + :param is_sorted: If `False`, the spike times will sorted by `np.sort`. + + """ + + # TODO: sanity checks + if is_sorted: + self.spikes = np.array(spike_times, dtype=float) + else: + self.spikes = np.sort(np.array(spike_times, dtype=float)) + + try: + self.t_start = float(edges[0]) + self.t_end = float(edges[1]) + except: + self.t_start = 0.0 + self.t_end = float(edges) + + def __getitem__(self, index): + """ Returns the time of the spike given by index. + + :param index: Index of the spike. + :return: spike time. + """ + return self.spikes[index] + + def __len__(self): + """ Returns the number of spikes. + + :return: Number of spikes. + """ + return len(self.spikes) + + def sort(self): + """ Sorts the spike times of this spike train using `np.sort` + """ + self.spikes = np.sort(self.spikes) + + def copy(self): + """ Returns a copy of this spike train. + Use this function if you want to create a real (deep) copy of this + spike train. Simple assignment `t2 = t1` does not create a copy of the + spike train data, but a reference as `numpy.array` is used for storing + the data. + + :return: :class:`.SpikeTrain` copy of this spike train. + + """ + return SpikeTrain(self.spikes.copy(), [self.t_start, self.t_end]) + + def get_spikes_non_empty(self): + """Returns the spikes of this spike train with auxiliary spikes in case + of empty spike trains. + """ + if len(self.spikes) < 1: + return np.unique(np.insert([self.t_start, self.t_end], 1, + self.spikes)) + else: + return self.spikes diff --git a/pyspike/__init__.py b/pyspike/__init__.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3897d18 --- /dev/null +++ b/pyspike/__init__.py @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +""" +Copyright 2014-2018, Mario Mulansky <mario.mulansky@gmx.net> + +Distributed under the BSD License +""" + +from __future__ import absolute_import + +__all__ = ["isi_distance", "spike_distance", "spike_sync", "psth", + "spikes", "spike_directionality", "SpikeTrain", + "PieceWiseConstFunc", "PieceWiseLinFunc", "DiscreteFunc"] + +from .PieceWiseConstFunc import PieceWiseConstFunc +from .PieceWiseLinFunc import PieceWiseLinFunc +from .DiscreteFunc import DiscreteFunc +from .SpikeTrain import SpikeTrain + +from .isi_distance import isi_profile, isi_distance, isi_profile_multi,\ + isi_distance_multi, isi_distance_matrix +from .spike_distance import spike_profile, spike_distance, spike_profile_multi,\ + spike_distance_multi, spike_distance_matrix +from .spike_sync import spike_sync_profile, spike_sync,\ + spike_sync_profile_multi, spike_sync_multi, spike_sync_matrix,\ + filter_by_spike_sync +from .psth import psth + +from .spikes import load_spike_trains_from_txt, save_spike_trains_to_txt, \ + spike_train_from_string, import_spike_trains_from_time_series, \ + merge_spike_trains, generate_poisson_spikes + +from .spike_directionality import spike_directionality, \ + spike_directionality_values, spike_directionality_matrix, \ + spike_train_order_profile, spike_train_order_profile_bi, \ + spike_train_order_profile_multi, spike_train_order, \ + spike_train_order_bi, spike_train_order_multi, \ + optimal_spike_train_sorting, permutate_matrix + +# define the __version__ following +# http://stackoverflow.com/questions/17583443 +from pkg_resources import get_distribution, DistributionNotFound +import os.path + +try: + _dist = get_distribution('pyspike') + # Normalize case for Windows systems + dist_loc = os.path.normcase(_dist.location) + here = os.path.normcase(__file__) + if not here.startswith(os.path.join(dist_loc, 'pyspike')): + # not installed, but there is another version that *is* + raise DistributionNotFound +except DistributionNotFound: + __version__ = 'Please install this project with setup.py' +else: + __version__ = _dist.version + +disable_backend_warning = False diff --git a/pyspike/cython/__init__.py b/pyspike/cython/__init__.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e69de29 --- /dev/null +++ b/pyspike/cython/__init__.py diff --git a/pyspike/cython/cython_add.pyx b/pyspike/cython/cython_add.pyx new file mode 100644 index 0000000..25f1181 --- /dev/null +++ b/pyspike/cython/cython_add.pyx @@ -0,0 +1,232 @@ +#cython: boundscheck=False +#cython: wraparound=False +#cython: cdivision=True + +""" +cython_add.pyx + +cython implementation of the add function for piece-wise const and +piece-wise linear functions + +Note: using cython memoryviews (e.g. double[:]) instead of ndarray objects +improves the performance of spike_distance by a factor of 10! + +Copyright 2014, Mario Mulansky <mario.mulansky@gmx.net> + +Distributed under the BSD License + +""" + +""" +To test whether things can be optimized: remove all yellow stuff +in the html output:: + + cython -a cython_add.pyx + +which gives:: + + cython_add.html + +""" + +import numpy as np +cimport numpy as np + +from libc.math cimport fabs + +DTYPE = np.float +ctypedef np.float_t DTYPE_t + + +############################################################ +# add_piece_wise_const_cython +############################################################ +def add_piece_wise_const_cython(double[:] x1, double[:] y1, + double[:] x2, double[:] y2): + + cdef int N1 = len(x1) + cdef int N2 = len(x2) + cdef double[:] x_new = np.empty(N1+N2) + cdef double[:] y_new = np.empty(N1+N2-1) + cdef int index1 = 0 + cdef int index2 = 0 + cdef int index = 0 + cdef int i + with nogil: # release the interpreter lock to allow multi-threading + x_new[0] = x1[0] + y_new[0] = y1[0] + y2[0] + while (index1+1 < N1-1) and (index2+1 < N2-1): + index += 1 + # print(index1+1, x1[index1+1], y1[index1+1], x_new[index]) + if x1[index1+1] < x2[index2+1]: + index1 += 1 + x_new[index] = x1[index1] + elif x1[index1+1] > x2[index2+1]: + index2 += 1 + x_new[index] = x2[index2] + else: # x1[index1+1] == x2[index2+1]: + index1 += 1 + index2 += 1 + x_new[index] = x1[index1] + y_new[index] = y1[index1] + y2[index2] + # one array reached the end -> copy the contents of the other to the end + if index1+1 < N1-1: + x_new[index+1:index+1+N1-index1-1] = x1[index1+1:] + for i in xrange(N1-index1-2): + y_new[index+1+i] = y1[index1+1+i] + y2[N2-2] + index += N1-index1-2 + elif index2+1 < N2-1: + x_new[index+1:index+1+N2-index2-1] = x2[index2+1:] + for i in xrange(N2-index2-2): + y_new[index+1+i] = y2[index2+1+i] + y1[N1-2] + index += N2-index2-2 + else: # both arrays reached the end simultaneously + # only the last x-value missing + x_new[index+1] = x1[N1-1] + # end nogil + # return np.asarray(x_new[:index+2]), np.asarray(y_new[:index+1]) + return np.asarray(x_new[:index+2]), np.asarray(y_new[:index+1]) + + +############################################################ +# add_piece_wise_lin_cython +############################################################ +def add_piece_wise_lin_cython(double[:] x1, double[:] y11, double[:] y12, + double[:] x2, double[:] y21, double[:] y22): + cdef int N1 = len(x1) + cdef int N2 = len(x2) + cdef double[:] x_new = np.empty(N1+N2) + cdef double[:] y1_new = np.empty(N1+N2-1) + cdef double[:] y2_new = np.empty_like(y1_new) + cdef int index1 = 0 # index for self + cdef int index2 = 0 # index for f + cdef int index = 0 # index for new + cdef int i + cdef double y + with nogil: # release the interpreter lock to allow multi-threading + x_new[0] = x1[0] + y1_new[0] = y11[0] + y21[0] + while (index1+1 < N1-1) and (index2+1 < N2-1): + # print(index1+1, x1[index1+1], self.y[index1+1], x_new[index]) + if x1[index1+1] < x2[index2+1]: + # first compute the end value of the previous interval + # linear interpolation of the interval + y = y21[index2] + (y22[index2]-y21[index2]) * \ + (x1[index1+1]-x2[index2]) / (x2[index2+1]-x2[index2]) + y2_new[index] = y12[index1] + y + index1 += 1 + index += 1 + x_new[index] = x1[index1] + # and the starting value for the next interval + y1_new[index] = y11[index1] + y + elif x1[index1+1] > x2[index2+1]: + # first compute the end value of the previous interval + # linear interpolation of the interval + y = y11[index1] + (y12[index1]-y11[index1]) * \ + (x2[index2+1]-x1[index1]) / \ + (x1[index1+1]-x1[index1]) + y2_new[index] = y22[index2] + y + index2 += 1 + index += 1 + x_new[index] = x2[index2] + # and the starting value for the next interval + y1_new[index] = y21[index2] + y + else: # x1[index1+1] == x2[index2+1]: + y2_new[index] = y12[index1] + y22[index2] + index1 += 1 + index2 += 1 + index += 1 + x_new[index] = x1[index1] + y1_new[index] = y11[index1] + y21[index2] + # one array reached the end -> copy the contents of the other to the end + if index1+1 < N1-1: + x_new[index+1:index+1+N1-index1-1] = x1[index1+1:] + for i in xrange(N1-index1-2): + # compute the linear interpolations value + y = y21[index2] + (y22[index2]-y21[index2]) * \ + (x1[index1+1+i]-x2[index2]) / (x2[index2+1]-x2[index2]) + y1_new[index+1+i] = y11[index1+1+i] + y + y2_new[index+i] = y12[index1+i] + y + index += N1-index1-2 + elif index2+1 < N2-1: + x_new[index+1:index+1+N2-index2-1] = x2[index2+1:] + # compute the linear interpolations values + for i in xrange(N2-index2-2): + y = y11[index1] + (y12[index1]-y11[index1]) * \ + (x2[index2+1+i]-x1[index1]) / \ + (x1[index1+1]-x1[index1]) + y1_new[index+1+i] = y21[index2+1+i] + y + y2_new[index+i] = y22[index2+i] + y + index += N2-index2-2 + else: # both arrays reached the end simultaneously + # only the last x-value missing + x_new[index+1] = x1[N1-1] + # finally, the end value for the last interval + y2_new[index] = y12[N1-2]+y22[N2-2] + # only use the data that was actually filled + # end nogil + return (np.asarray(x_new[:index+2]), + np.asarray(y1_new[:index+1]), + np.asarray(y2_new[:index+1])) + + +############################################################ +# add_discrete_function_cython +############################################################ +def add_discrete_function_cython(double[:] x1, double[:] y1, double[:] mp1, + double[:] x2, double[:] y2, double[:] mp2): + + cdef double[:] x_new = np.empty(len(x1) + len(x2)) + cdef double[:] y_new = np.empty_like(x_new) + cdef double[:] mp_new = np.empty_like(x_new) + cdef int index1 = 0 + cdef int index2 = 0 + cdef int index = 0 + cdef int N1 = len(y1)-1 + cdef int N2 = len(y2)-1 + x_new[0] = x1[0] + while (index1+1 < N1) and (index2+1 < N2): + if x1[index1+1] < x2[index2+1]: + index1 += 1 + index += 1 + x_new[index] = x1[index1] + y_new[index] = y1[index1] + mp_new[index] = mp1[index1] + elif x1[index1+1] > x2[index2+1]: + index2 += 1 + index += 1 + x_new[index] = x2[index2] + y_new[index] = y2[index2] + mp_new[index] = mp2[index2] + else: # x1[index1+1] == x2[index2+1] + index1 += 1 + index2 += 1 + index += 1 + x_new[index] = x1[index1] + y_new[index] = y1[index1] + y2[index2] + mp_new[index] = mp1[index1] + mp2[index2] + # one array reached the end -> copy the contents of the other to the end + if index1+1 < N1: + x_new[index+1:index+1+N1-index1] = x1[index1+1:] + y_new[index+1:index+1+N1-index1] = y1[index1+1:] + mp_new[index+1:index+1+N1-index1] = mp1[index1+1:] + index += N1-index1 + elif index2+1 < N2: + x_new[index+1:index+1+N2-index2] = x2[index2+1:] + y_new[index+1:index+1+N2-index2] = y2[index2+1:] + mp_new[index+1:index+1+N2-index2] = mp2[index2+1:] + index += N2-index2 + else: # both arrays reached the end simultaneously + x_new[index+1] = x1[index1+1] + y_new[index+1] = y1[index1+1] + y2[index2+1] + mp_new[index+1] = mp1[index1+1] + mp2[index2+1] + index += 1 + + y_new[0] = y_new[1] + mp_new[0] = mp_new[1] + + # the last value is again the end of the interval + # only use the data that was actually filled + return (np.asarray(x_new[:index+1]), + np.asarray(y_new[:index+1]), + np.asarray(mp_new[:index+1])) diff --git a/pyspike/cython/cython_directionality.pyx b/pyspike/cython/cython_directionality.pyx new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ac37690 --- /dev/null +++ b/pyspike/cython/cython_directionality.pyx @@ -0,0 +1,262 @@ +#cython: boundscheck=False +#cython: wraparound=False +#cython: cdivision=True + +""" +cython_directionality.pyx + +cython implementation of the spike delay asymmetry measures + +Copyright 2015, Mario Mulansky <mario.mulansky@gmx.net> + +Distributed under the BSD License + +""" + +""" +To test whether things can be optimized: remove all yellow stuff +in the html output:: + + cython -a cython_directionality.pyx + +which gives:: + + cython_directionality.html + +""" + +import numpy as np +cimport numpy as np + +from libc.math cimport fabs +from libc.math cimport fmax +from libc.math cimport fmin + +# from pyspike.cython.cython_distances cimport get_tau + +DTYPE = np.float +ctypedef np.float_t DTYPE_t + + +############################################################ +# get_tau +############################################################ +cdef inline double get_tau(double[:] spikes1, double[:] spikes2, + int i, int j, double interval, double max_tau): + cdef double m = interval # use interval length as initial tau + cdef int N1 = spikes1.shape[0]-1 # len(spikes1)-1 + cdef int N2 = spikes2.shape[0]-1 # len(spikes2)-1 + if i < N1 and i > -1: + m = fmin(m, spikes1[i+1]-spikes1[i]) + if j < N2 and j > -1: + m = fmin(m, spikes2[j+1]-spikes2[j]) + if i > 0: + m = fmin(m, spikes1[i]-spikes1[i-1]) + if j > 0: + m = fmin(m, spikes2[j]-spikes2[j-1]) + m *= 0.5 + if max_tau > 0.0: + m = fmin(m, max_tau) + return m + + +############################################################ +# spike_train_order_profile_cython +############################################################ +def spike_train_order_profile_cython(double[:] spikes1, double[:] spikes2, + double t_start, double t_end, + double max_tau): + + cdef int N1 = len(spikes1) + cdef int N2 = len(spikes2) + cdef int i = -1 + cdef int j = -1 + cdef int n = 0 + cdef double[:] st = np.zeros(N1 + N2 + 2) # spike times + cdef double[:] a = np.zeros(N1 + N2 + 2) # asymmetry values + cdef double[:] mp = np.ones(N1 + N2 + 2) # multiplicity + cdef double interval = t_end - t_start + cdef double tau + while i + j < N1 + N2 - 2: + if (i < N1-1) and (j == N2-1 or spikes1[i+1] < spikes2[j+1]): + i += 1 + n += 1 + tau = get_tau(spikes1, spikes2, i, j, interval, max_tau) + st[n] = spikes1[i] + if j > -1 and spikes1[i]-spikes2[j] < tau: + # coincidence between the current spike and the previous spike + # spike from spike train 1 after spike train 2 + # both get marked with -1 + a[n] = -1 + a[n-1] = -1 + elif (j < N2-1) and (i == N1-1 or spikes1[i+1] > spikes2[j+1]): + j += 1 + n += 1 + tau = get_tau(spikes1, spikes2, i, j, interval, max_tau) + st[n] = spikes2[j] + if i > -1 and spikes2[j]-spikes1[i] < tau: + # coincidence between the current spike and the previous spike + # spike from spike train 1 before spike train 2 + # both get marked with 1 + a[n] = 1 + a[n-1] = 1 + else: # spikes1[i+1] = spikes2[j+1] + # advance in both spike trains + j += 1 + i += 1 + n += 1 + # add only one event with zero asymmetry value and multiplicity 2 + st[n] = spikes1[i] + a[n] = 0 + mp[n] = 2 + + st = st[:n+2] + a = a[:n+2] + mp = mp[:n+2] + + st[0] = t_start + st[len(st)-1] = t_end + if N1 + N2 > 0: + a[0] = a[1] + a[len(a)-1] = a[len(a)-2] + mp[0] = mp[1] + mp[len(mp)-1] = mp[len(mp)-2] + else: + a[0] = 1 + a[1] = 1 + + return st, a, mp + + +############################################################ +# spike_train_order_cython +############################################################ +def spike_train_order_cython(double[:] spikes1, double[:] spikes2, + double t_start, double t_end, double max_tau): + + cdef int N1 = len(spikes1) + cdef int N2 = len(spikes2) + cdef int i = -1 + cdef int j = -1 + cdef int d = 0 + cdef int mp = 0 + cdef double interval = t_end - t_start + cdef double tau + while i + j < N1 + N2 - 2: + if (i < N1-1) and (j == N2-1 or spikes1[i+1] < spikes2[j+1]): + i += 1 + mp += 1 + tau = get_tau(spikes1, spikes2, i, j, interval, max_tau) + if j > -1 and spikes1[i]-spikes2[j] < tau: + # coincidence between the current spike and the previous spike + # spike in spike train 2 appeared before spike in spike train 1 + # mark with -1 + d -= 2 + elif (j < N2-1) and (i == N1-1 or spikes1[i+1] > spikes2[j+1]): + j += 1 + mp += 1 + tau = get_tau(spikes1, spikes2, i, j, interval, max_tau) + if i > -1 and spikes2[j]-spikes1[i] < tau: + # coincidence between the current spike and the previous spike + # spike in spike train 1 appeared before spike in spike train 2 + # mark with +1 + d += 2 + else: # spikes1[i+1] = spikes2[j+1] + # advance in both spike trains + j += 1 + i += 1 + # add only one event with multiplicity 2, but no asymmetry counting + mp += 2 + + if d == 0 and mp == 0: + # empty spike trains -> spike sync = 1 by definition + d = 1 + mp = 1 + + return d, mp + + +############################################################ +# spike_directionality_profiles_cython +############################################################ +def spike_directionality_profiles_cython(double[:] spikes1, + double[:] spikes2, + double t_start, double t_end, + double max_tau): + + cdef int N1 = len(spikes1) + cdef int N2 = len(spikes2) + cdef int i = -1 + cdef int j = -1 + cdef double[:] d1 = np.zeros(N1) # directionality values + cdef double[:] d2 = np.zeros(N2) # directionality values + cdef double interval = t_end - t_start + cdef double tau + while i + j < N1 + N2 - 2: + if (i < N1-1) and (j == N2-1 or spikes1[i+1] < spikes2[j+1]): + i += 1 + tau = get_tau(spikes1, spikes2, i, j, interval, max_tau) + if j > -1 and spikes1[i]-spikes2[j] < tau: + # coincidence between the current spike and the previous spike + # spike from spike train 1 after spike train 2 + # leading spike gets +1, following spike -1 + d1[i] = -1 + d2[j] = +1 + elif (j < N2-1) and (i == N1-1 or spikes1[i+1] > spikes2[j+1]): + j += 1 + tau = get_tau(spikes1, spikes2, i, j, interval, max_tau) + if i > -1 and spikes2[j]-spikes1[i] < tau: + # coincidence between the current spike and the previous spike + # spike from spike train 1 before spike train 2 + # leading spike gets +1, following spike -1 + d1[i] = +1 + d2[j] = -1 + else: # spikes1[i+1] = spikes2[j+1] + # advance in both spike trains + j += 1 + i += 1 + # equal spike times: zero asymmetry value + d1[i] = 0 + d2[j] = 0 + + return d1, d2 + + +############################################################ +# spike_directionality_cython +############################################################ +def spike_directionality_cython(double[:] spikes1, + double[:] spikes2, + double t_start, double t_end, + double max_tau): + + cdef int N1 = len(spikes1) + cdef int N2 = len(spikes2) + cdef int i = -1 + cdef int j = -1 + cdef int d = 0 # directionality value + cdef double interval = t_end - t_start + cdef double tau + while i + j < N1 + N2 - 2: + if (i < N1-1) and (j == N2-1 or spikes1[i+1] < spikes2[j+1]): + i += 1 + tau = get_tau(spikes1, spikes2, i, j, interval, max_tau) + if j > -1 and spikes1[i]-spikes2[j] < tau: + # coincidence between the current spike and the previous spike + # spike from spike train 1 after spike train 2 + # leading spike gets +1, following spike -1 + d -= 1 + elif (j < N2-1) and (i == N1-1 or spikes1[i+1] > spikes2[j+1]): + j += 1 + tau = get_tau(spikes1, spikes2, i, j, interval, max_tau) + if i > -1 and spikes2[j]-spikes1[i] < tau: + # coincidence between the current spike and the previous spike + # spike from spike train 1 before spike train 2 + # leading spike gets +1, following spike -1 + d += 1 + else: # spikes1[i+1] = spikes2[j+1] + # advance in both spike trains + j += 1 + i += 1 + + return d diff --git a/pyspike/cython/cython_distances.pyx b/pyspike/cython/cython_distances.pyx new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d4070ae --- /dev/null +++ b/pyspike/cython/cython_distances.pyx @@ -0,0 +1,631 @@ +#cython: boundscheck=False +#cython: wraparound=False +#cython: cdivision=True + +""" +cython_distances.pyx + +cython implementation of the isi-, spike- and spike-sync distances + +Note: using cython memoryviews (e.g. double[:]) instead of ndarray objects +improves the performance of spike_distance by a factor of 10! + +Copyright 2015, Mario Mulansky <mario.mulansky@gmx.net> + +Distributed under the BSD License + +""" + +""" +To test whether things can be optimized: remove all yellow stuff +in the html output:: + + cython -a cython_distances.pyx + +which gives:: + + cython_distances.html + +""" + +import numpy as np +cimport numpy as np + +from libc.math cimport fabs +from libc.math cimport fmax +from libc.math cimport fmin + +DTYPE = np.float +ctypedef np.float_t DTYPE_t + + +############################################################ +# isi_distance_cython +############################################################ +def isi_distance_cython(double[:] s1, double[:] s2, + double t_start, double t_end): + + cdef double isi_value + cdef int index1, index2, index + cdef int N1, N2 + cdef double nu1, nu2 + cdef double last_t, curr_t, curr_isi + isi_value = 0.0 + N1 = len(s1) + N2 = len(s2) + + # first interspike interval - check if a spike exists at the start time + # and also account for spike trains with single spikes + if s1[0] > t_start: + # edge correction for the first interspike interval: + # take the maximum of the distance from the beginning to the first + # spike and the interval between the first two spikes. + # if there is only one spike, take the its distance to the beginning + nu1 = fmax(s1[0]-t_start, s1[1]-s1[0]) if N1 > 1 else s1[0]-t_start + index1 = -1 + else: + # if the first spike is exactly at the start, take the distance + # to the next spike. If this is the only spike, take the distance to + # the end. + nu1 = s1[1]-s1[0] if N1 > 1 else t_end-s1[0] + index1 = 0 + + if s2[0] > t_start: + # edge correction as above + nu2 = fmax(s2[0]-t_start, s2[1]-s2[0]) if N2 > 1 else s2[0]-t_start + index2 = -1 + else: + nu2 = s2[1]-s2[0] if N2 > 1 else t_end-s2[0] + index2 = 0 + + last_t = t_start + curr_isi = fabs(nu1-nu2)/fmax(nu1, nu2) + index = 1 + + with nogil: # release the interpreter to allow multithreading + while index1+index2 < N1+N2-2: + # check which spike is next, only if there are spikes left in 1 + # next spike in 1 is earlier, or there are no spikes left in 2 + if (index1 < N1-1) and ((index2 == N2-1) or + (s1[index1+1] < s2[index2+1])): + index1 += 1 + curr_t = s1[index1] + if index1 < N1-1: + nu1 = s1[index1+1]-s1[index1] + else: + # edge correction for the last ISI: + # take the max of the distance of the last + # spike to the end and the previous ISI. If there was only + # one spike, always take the distance to the end. + nu1 = fmax(t_end-s1[index1], nu1) if N1 > 1 \ + else t_end-s1[index1] + elif (index2 < N2-1) and ((index1 == N1-1) or + (s1[index1+1] > s2[index2+1])): + index2 += 1 + curr_t = s2[index2] + if index2 < N2-1: + nu2 = s2[index2+1]-s2[index2] + else: + # edge correction for the end as above + nu2 = fmax(t_end-s2[index2], nu2) if N2 > 1 \ + else t_end-s2[index2] + else: # s1[index1+1] == s2[index2+1] + index1 += 1 + index2 += 1 + curr_t = s1[index1] + if index1 < N1-1: + nu1 = s1[index1+1]-s1[index1] + else: + # edge correction for the end as above + nu1 = fmax(t_end-s1[index1], nu1) if N1 > 1 \ + else t_end-s1[index1] + if index2 < N2-1: + nu2 = s2[index2+1]-s2[index2] + else: + # edge correction for the end as above + nu2 = fmax(t_end-s2[index2], nu2) if N2 > 1 \ + else t_end-s2[index2] + # compute the corresponding isi-distance + isi_value += curr_isi * (curr_t - last_t) + curr_isi = fabs(nu1 - nu2) / fmax(nu1, nu2) + last_t = curr_t + index += 1 + + isi_value += curr_isi * (t_end - last_t) + # end nogil + + return isi_value / (t_end-t_start) + + +############################################################ +# get_min_dist_cython +############################################################ +cdef inline double get_min_dist_cython(double spike_time, + double[:] spike_train, + # use memory view to ensure inlining + # np.ndarray[DTYPE_t,ndim=1] spike_train, + int N, + int start_index, + double t_start, double t_end) nogil: + """ Returns the minimal distance |spike_time - spike_train[i]| + with i>=start_index. + """ + cdef double d, d_temp + # start with the distance to the start time + d = fabs(spike_time - t_start) + if start_index < 0: + start_index = 0 + while start_index < N: + d_temp = fabs(spike_time - spike_train[start_index]) + if d_temp > d: + return d + else: + d = d_temp + start_index += 1 + + # finally, check the distance to end time + d_temp = fabs(t_end - spike_time) + if d_temp > d: + return d + else: + return d_temp + + +############################################################ +# isi_avrg_cython +############################################################ +cdef inline double isi_avrg_cython(double isi1, double isi2) nogil: + return 0.5*(isi1+isi2)*(isi1+isi2) + # alternative definition to obtain <S> ~ 0.5 for Poisson spikes + # return 0.5*(isi1*isi1+isi2*isi2) + # another alternative definition without second normalization + # return 0.5*(isi1+isi2) + + +############################################################ +# spike_distance_cython +############################################################ +def spike_distance_cython(double[:] t1, double[:] t2, + double t_start, double t_end): + + cdef int N1, N2, index1, index2, index + cdef double t_p1, t_f1, t_p2, t_f2, dt_p1, dt_p2, dt_f1, dt_f2 + cdef double isi1, isi2, s1, s2 + cdef double y_start, y_end, t_last, t_current, spike_value + cdef double[:] t_aux1 = np.empty(2) + cdef double[:] t_aux2 = np.empty(2) + + spike_value = 0.0 + + N1 = len(t1) + N2 = len(t2) + + # we can assume at least one spikes per spike train + assert N1 > 0 + assert N2 > 0 + + + with nogil: # release the interpreter to allow multithreading + t_last = t_start + # auxiliary spikes for edge correction - consistent with first/last ISI + t_aux1[0] = fmin(t_start, 2*t1[0]-t1[1]) if N1 > 1 else t_start + t_aux1[1] = fmax(t_end, 2*t1[N1-1]-t1[N1-2]) if N1 > 1 else t_end + t_aux2[0] = fmin(t_start, 2*t2[0]-t2[1]) if N2 > 1 else t_start + t_aux2[1] = fmax(t_end, 2*t2[N2-1]+-t2[N2-2]) if N2 > 1 else t_end + # print "aux spikes %.15f, %.15f ; %.15f, %.15f" % (t_aux1[0], t_aux1[1], t_aux2[0], t_aux2[1]) + t_p1 = t_start if (t1[0] == t_start) else t_aux1[0] + t_p2 = t_start if (t2[0] == t_start) else t_aux2[0] + if t1[0] > t_start: + # dt_p1 = t2[0]-t_start + t_f1 = t1[0] + dt_f1 = get_min_dist_cython(t_f1, t2, N2, 0, t_aux2[0], t_aux2[1]) + isi1 = fmax(t_f1-t_start, t1[1]-t1[0]) if N1 > 1 else t_f1-t_start + dt_p1 = dt_f1 + # s1 = dt_p1*(t_f1-t_start)/isi1 + s1 = dt_p1 + index1 = -1 + else: # t1[0] == t_start + t_f1 = t1[1] if N1 > 1 else t_end + dt_f1 = get_min_dist_cython(t_f1, t2, N2, 0, t_aux2[0], t_aux2[1]) + dt_p1 = get_min_dist_cython(t_p1, t2, N2, 0, t_aux2[0], t_aux2[1]) + isi1 = t_f1-t1[0] + s1 = dt_p1 + index1 = 0 + if t2[0] > t_start: + # dt_p1 = t2[0]-t_start + t_f2 = t2[0] + dt_f2 = get_min_dist_cython(t_f2, t1, N1, 0, t_aux1[0], t_aux1[1]) + dt_p2 = dt_f2 + isi2 = fmax(t_f2-t_start, t2[1]-t2[0]) if N2 > 1 else t_f2-t_start + # s2 = dt_p2*(t_f2-t_start)/isi2 + s2 = dt_p2 + index2 = -1 + else: # t2[0] == t_start + t_f2 = t2[1] if N2 > 1 else t_end + dt_f2 = get_min_dist_cython(t_f2, t1, N1, 0, t_aux1[0], t_aux1[1]) + # dt_p2 = t_start-t_p1 # 0.0 + dt_p2 = get_min_dist_cython(t_p2, t1, N1, 0, t_aux1[0], t_aux1[1]) + isi2 = t_f2-t2[0] + s2 = dt_p2 + index2 = 0 + + y_start = (s1*isi2 + s2*isi1) / isi_avrg_cython(isi1, isi2) + # alternative definition without second normalization + # y_start = (s1 + s2) / isi_avrg_cython(isi1, isi2) + index = 1 + + while index1+index2 < N1+N2-2: + # print(index, index1, index2) + if (index1 < N1-1) and (t_f1 < t_f2 or index2 == N2-1): + index1 += 1 + # first calculate the previous interval end value + s1 = dt_f1*(t_f1-t_p1) / isi1 + # the previous time now was the following time before: + dt_p1 = dt_f1 + t_p1 = t_f1 # t_p1 contains the current time point + # get the next time + if index1 < N1-1: + t_f1 = t1[index1+1] + else: + t_f1 = t_aux1[1] + t_curr = t_p1 + s2 = (dt_p2*(t_f2-t_p1) + dt_f2*(t_p1-t_p2)) / isi2 + y_end = (s1*isi2 + s2*isi1)/isi_avrg_cython(isi1, isi2) + # alternative definition without second normalization + # y_end = (s1 + s2) / isi_avrg_cython(isi1, isi2) + + spike_value += 0.5*(y_start + y_end) * (t_curr - t_last) + + # now the next interval start value + if index1 < N1-1: + dt_f1 = get_min_dist_cython(t_f1, t2, N2, index2, + t_aux2[0], t_aux2[1]) + isi1 = t_f1-t_p1 + s1 = dt_p1 + else: + dt_f1 = dt_p1 + isi1 = fmax(t_end-t1[N1-1], t1[N1-1]-t1[N1-2]) if N1 > 1 \ + else t_end-t1[N1-1] + # s1 needs adjustment due to change of isi1 + # s1 = dt_p1*(t_end-t1[N1-1])/isi1 + # Eero's correction: no adjustment + s1 = dt_p1 + # s2 is the same as above, thus we can compute y2 immediately + y_start = (s1*isi2 + s2*isi1)/isi_avrg_cython(isi1, isi2) + # alternative definition without second normalization + # y_start = (s1 + s2) / isi_avrg_cython(isi1, isi2) + elif (index2 < N2-1) and (t_f1 > t_f2 or index1 == N1-1): + index2 += 1 + # first calculate the previous interval end value + s2 = dt_f2*(t_f2-t_p2) / isi2 + # the previous time now was the following time before: + dt_p2 = dt_f2 + t_p2 = t_f2 # t_p2 contains the current time point + # get the next time + if index2 < N2-1: + t_f2 = t2[index2+1] + else: + t_f2 = t_aux2[1] + t_curr = t_p2 + s1 = (dt_p1*(t_f1-t_p2) + dt_f1*(t_p2-t_p1)) / isi1 + y_end = (s1*isi2 + s2*isi1) / isi_avrg_cython(isi1, isi2) + # alternative definition without second normalization + # y_end = (s1 + s2) / isi_avrg_cython(isi1, isi2) + + spike_value += 0.5*(y_start + y_end) * (t_curr - t_last) + + # now the next interval start value + if index2 < N2-1: + dt_f2 = get_min_dist_cython(t_f2, t1, N1, index1, + t_aux1[0], t_aux1[1]) + isi2 = t_f2-t_p2 + s2 = dt_p2 + else: + dt_f2 = dt_p2 + isi2 = fmax(t_end-t2[N2-1], t2[N2-1]-t2[N2-2]) if N2 > 1 \ + else t_end-t2[N2-1] + # s2 needs adjustment due to change of isi2 + # s2 = dt_p2*(t_end-t2[N2-1])/isi2 + # Eero's correction: no adjustment + s2 = dt_p2 + # s1 is the same as above, thus we can compute y2 immediately + y_start = (s1*isi2 + s2*isi1)/isi_avrg_cython(isi1, isi2) + # alternative definition without second normalization + # y_start = (s1 + s2) / isi_avrg_cython(isi1, isi2) + + else: # t_f1 == t_f2 - generate only one event + index1 += 1 + index2 += 1 + t_p1 = t_f1 + t_p2 = t_f2 + dt_p1 = 0.0 + dt_p2 = 0.0 + t_curr = t_f1 + y_end = 0.0 + spike_value += 0.5*(y_start + y_end) * (t_curr - t_last) + y_start = 0.0 + if index1 < N1-1: + t_f1 = t1[index1+1] + dt_f1 = get_min_dist_cython(t_f1, t2, N2, index2, + t_aux2[0], t_aux2[1]) + isi1 = t_f1 - t_p1 + else: + t_f1 = t_aux1[1] + dt_f1 = dt_p1 + isi1 = fmax(t_end-t1[N1-1], t1[N1-1]-t1[N1-2]) if N1 > 1 \ + else t_end-t1[N1-1] + if index2 < N2-1: + t_f2 = t2[index2+1] + dt_f2 = get_min_dist_cython(t_f2, t1, N1, index1, + t_aux1[0], t_aux1[1]) + isi2 = t_f2 - t_p2 + else: + t_f2 = t_aux2[1] + dt_f2 = dt_p2 + isi2 = fmax(t_end-t2[N2-1], t2[N2-1]-t2[N2-2]) if N2 > 1 \ + else t_end-t2[N2-1] + index += 1 + t_last = t_curr + # isi1 = max(t_end-t1[N1-1], t1[N1-1]-t1[N1-2]) + # isi2 = max(t_end-t2[N2-1], t2[N2-1]-t2[N2-2]) + s1 = dt_f1 # *(t_end-t1[N1-1])/isi1 + s2 = dt_f2 # *(t_end-t2[N2-1])/isi2 + y_end = (s1*isi2 + s2*isi1) / isi_avrg_cython(isi1, isi2) + # alternative definition without second normalization + # y_end = (s1 + s2) / isi_avrg_cython(isi1, isi2) + + spike_value += 0.5*(y_start + y_end) * (t_end - t_last) + # end nogil + + # use only the data added above + # could be less than original length due to equal spike times + return spike_value / (t_end-t_start) + + +############################################################ +# isi_avrg_rf_cython +############################################################ +cdef inline double isi_avrg_rf_cython(double isi1, double isi2) nogil: + # rate free version + return (isi1+isi2) + + +############################################################ +# spike_distance_rf_cython +############################################################ +def spike_distance_rf_cython(double[:] t1, double[:] t2, + double t_start, double t_end): + + cdef int N1, N2, index1, index2, index + cdef double t_p1, t_f1, t_p2, t_f2, dt_p1, dt_p2, dt_f1, dt_f2 + cdef double isi1, isi2, s1, s2 + cdef double y_start, y_end, t_last, t_current, spike_value + + spike_value = 0.0 + + N1 = len(t1) + N2 = len(t2) + + with nogil: # release the interpreter to allow multithreading + t_last = t_start + t_p1 = t_start + t_p2 = t_start + if t1[0] > t_start: + # dt_p1 = t2[0]-t_start + t_f1 = t1[0] + dt_f1 = get_min_dist_cython(t_f1, t2, N2, 0, t_start, t_end) + isi1 = fmax(t_f1-t_start, t1[1]-t1[0]) + dt_p1 = dt_f1 + s1 = dt_p1*(t_f1-t_start)/isi1 + index1 = -1 + else: + t_f1 = t1[1] + dt_f1 = get_min_dist_cython(t_f1, t2, N2, 0, t_start, t_end) + dt_p1 = 0.0 + isi1 = t1[1]-t1[0] + s1 = dt_p1 + index1 = 0 + if t2[0] > t_start: + # dt_p1 = t2[0]-t_start + t_f2 = t2[0] + dt_f2 = get_min_dist_cython(t_f2, t1, N1, 0, t_start, t_end) + dt_p2 = dt_f2 + isi2 = fmax(t_f2-t_start, t2[1]-t2[0]) + s2 = dt_p2*(t_f2-t_start)/isi2 + index2 = -1 + else: + t_f2 = t2[1] + dt_f2 = get_min_dist_cython(t_f2, t1, N1, 0, t_start, t_end) + dt_p2 = 0.0 + isi2 = t2[1]-t2[0] + s2 = dt_p2 + index2 = 0 + + # y_start = (s1*isi2 + s2*isi1) / isi_avrg_cython(isi1, isi2) + # alternative definition without second normalization + y_start = (s1 + s2) / isi_avrg_rf_cython(isi1, isi2) + index = 1 + + while index1+index2 < N1+N2-2: + # print(index, index1, index2) + if (index1 < N1-1) and (t_f1 < t_f2 or index2 == N2-1): + index1 += 1 + # first calculate the previous interval end value + s1 = dt_f1*(t_f1-t_p1) / isi1 + # the previous time now was the following time before: + dt_p1 = dt_f1 + t_p1 = t_f1 # t_p1 contains the current time point + # get the next time + if index1 < N1-1: + t_f1 = t1[index1+1] + else: + t_f1 = t_end + t_curr = t_p1 + s2 = (dt_p2*(t_f2-t_p1) + dt_f2*(t_p1-t_p2)) / isi2 + # y_end = (s1*isi2 + s2*isi1)/isi_avrg_cython(isi1, isi2) + # alternative definition without second normalization + y_end = (s1 + s2) / isi_avrg_rf_cython(isi1, isi2) + + spike_value += 0.5*(y_start + y_end) * (t_curr - t_last) + + # now the next interval start value + if index1 < N1-1: + dt_f1 = get_min_dist_cython(t_f1, t2, N2, index2, + t_start, t_end) + isi1 = t_f1-t_p1 + s1 = dt_p1 + else: + dt_f1 = dt_p1 + isi1 = fmax(t_end-t1[N1-1], t1[N1-1]-t1[N1-2]) + # s1 needs adjustment due to change of isi1 + s1 = dt_p1*(t_end-t1[N1-1])/isi1 + # s2 is the same as above, thus we can compute y2 immediately + # y_start = (s1*isi2 + s2*isi1)/isi_avrg_cython(isi1, isi2) + # alternative definition without second normalization + y_start = (s1 + s2) / isi_avrg_rf_cython(isi1, isi2) + elif (index2 < N2-1) and (t_f1 > t_f2 or index1 == N1-1): + index2 += 1 + # first calculate the previous interval end value + s2 = dt_f2*(t_f2-t_p2) / isi2 + # the previous time now was the following time before: + dt_p2 = dt_f2 + t_p2 = t_f2 # t_p2 contains the current time point + # get the next time + if index2 < N2-1: + t_f2 = t2[index2+1] + else: + t_f2 = t_end + t_curr = t_p2 + s1 = (dt_p1*(t_f1-t_p2) + dt_f1*(t_p2-t_p1)) / isi1 + # y_end = (s1*isi2 + s2*isi1) / isi_avrg_cython(isi1, isi2) + # alternative definition without second normalization + y_end = (s1 + s2) / isi_avrg_rf_cython(isi1, isi2) + + spike_value += 0.5*(y_start + y_end) * (t_curr - t_last) + + # now the next interval start value + if index2 < N2-1: + dt_f2 = get_min_dist_cython(t_f2, t1, N1, index1, + t_start, t_end) + isi2 = t_f2-t_p2 + s2 = dt_p2 + else: + dt_f2 = dt_p2 + isi2 = fmax(t_end-t2[N2-1], t2[N2-1]-t2[N2-2]) + # s2 needs adjustment due to change of isi2 + s2 = dt_p2*(t_end-t2[N2-1])/isi2 + # s1 is the same as above, thus we can compute y2 immediately + # y_start = (s1*isi2 + s2*isi1)/isi_avrg_cython(isi1, isi2) + # alternative definition without second normalization + y_start = (s1 + s2) / isi_avrg_rf_cython(isi1, isi2) + + else: # t_f1 == t_f2 - generate only one event + index1 += 1 + index2 += 1 + t_p1 = t_f1 + t_p2 = t_f2 + dt_p1 = 0.0 + dt_p2 = 0.0 + t_curr = t_f1 + y_end = 0.0 + spike_value += 0.5*(y_start + y_end) * (t_curr - t_last) + y_start = 0.0 + if index1 < N1-1: + t_f1 = t1[index1+1] + dt_f1 = get_min_dist_cython(t_f1, t2, N2, index2, + t_start, t_end) + isi1 = t_f1 - t_p1 + else: + t_f1 = t_end + dt_f1 = dt_p1 + isi1 = fmax(t_end-t1[N1-1], t1[N1-1]-t1[N1-2]) + if index2 < N2-1: + t_f2 = t2[index2+1] + dt_f2 = get_min_dist_cython(t_f2, t1, N1, index1, + t_start, t_end) + isi2 = t_f2 - t_p2 + else: + t_f2 = t_end + dt_f2 = dt_p2 + isi2 = fmax(t_end-t2[N2-1], t2[N2-1]-t2[N2-2]) + index += 1 + t_last = t_curr + # isi1 = max(t_end-t1[N1-1], t1[N1-1]-t1[N1-2]) + # isi2 = max(t_end-t2[N2-1], t2[N2-1]-t2[N2-2]) + s1 = dt_f1*(t_end-t1[N1-1])/isi1 + s2 = dt_f2*(t_end-t2[N2-1])/isi2 + # y_end = (s1*isi2 + s2*isi1) / isi_avrg_cython(isi1, isi2) + # alternative definition without second normalization + y_end = (s1 + s2) / isi_avrg_rf_cython(isi1, isi2) + + spike_value += 0.5*(y_start + y_end) * (t_end - t_last) + # end nogil + + # use only the data added above + # could be less than original length due to equal spike times + return spike_value / (t_end-t_start) + + + +############################################################ +# get_tau +############################################################ +cdef inline double get_tau(double[:] spikes1, double[:] spikes2, + int i, int j, double interval, double max_tau): + cdef double m = interval # use interval length as initial tau + cdef int N1 = spikes1.shape[0]-1 # len(spikes1)-1 + cdef int N2 = spikes2.shape[0]-1 # len(spikes2)-1 + if i < N1 and i > -1: + m = fmin(m, spikes1[i+1]-spikes1[i]) + if j < N2 and j > -1: + m = fmin(m, spikes2[j+1]-spikes2[j]) + if i > 0: + m = fmin(m, spikes1[i]-spikes1[i-1]) + if j > 0: + m = fmin(m, spikes2[j]-spikes2[j-1]) + m *= 0.5 + if max_tau > 0.0: + m = fmin(m, max_tau) + return m + + +############################################################ +# coincidence_value_cython +############################################################ +def coincidence_value_cython(double[:] spikes1, double[:] spikes2, + double t_start, double t_end, double max_tau): + + cdef int N1 = len(spikes1) + cdef int N2 = len(spikes2) + cdef int i = -1 + cdef int j = -1 + cdef double coinc = 0.0 + cdef double mp = 0.0 + cdef double interval = t_end - t_start + cdef double tau + while i + j < N1 + N2 - 2: + if (i < N1-1) and (j == N2-1 or spikes1[i+1] < spikes2[j+1]): + i += 1 + mp += 1 + tau = get_tau(spikes1, spikes2, i, j, interval, max_tau) + if j > -1 and spikes1[i]-spikes2[j] < tau: + # coincidence between the current spike and the previous spike + # both get marked with 1 + coinc += 2 + elif (j < N2-1) and (i == N1-1 or spikes1[i+1] > spikes2[j+1]): + j += 1 + mp += 1 + tau = get_tau(spikes1, spikes2, i, j, interval, max_tau) + if i > -1 and spikes2[j]-spikes1[i] < tau: + # coincidence between the current spike and the previous spike + # both get marked with 1 + coinc += 2 + else: # spikes1[i+1] = spikes2[j+1] + # advance in both spike trains + j += 1 + i += 1 + # add only one event, but with coincidence 2 and multiplicity 2 + mp += 2 + coinc += 2 + + return coinc, mp diff --git a/pyspike/cython/cython_profiles.pyx b/pyspike/cython/cython_profiles.pyx new file mode 100644 index 0000000..aa24db4 --- /dev/null +++ b/pyspike/cython/cython_profiles.pyx @@ -0,0 +1,485 @@ +#cython: boundscheck=False +#cython: wraparound=False +#cython: cdivision=True + +""" +cython_profiles.pyx + +cython implementation of the isi-, spike- and spike-sync profiles + +Note: using cython memoryviews (e.g. double[:]) instead of ndarray objects +improves the performance of spike_distance by a factor of 10! + +Copyright 2014-2015, Mario Mulansky <mario.mulansky@gmx.net> + +Distributed under the BSD License + +""" + +""" +To test whether things can be optimized: remove all yellow stuff +in the html output:: + + cython -a cython_profiles.pyx + +which gives:: + + cython_profiles.html + +""" + +import numpy as np +cimport numpy as np + +from libc.math cimport fabs +from libc.math cimport fmax +from libc.math cimport fmin + +DTYPE = np.float +ctypedef np.float_t DTYPE_t + + +############################################################ +# isi_profile_cython +############################################################ +def isi_profile_cython(double[:] s1, double[:] s2, + double t_start, double t_end): + + cdef double[:] spike_events + cdef double[:] isi_values + cdef int index1, index2, index + cdef int N1, N2 + cdef double nu1, nu2 + N1 = len(s1) + N2 = len(s2) + + spike_events = np.empty(N1+N2+2) + # the values have one entry less as they are defined at the intervals + isi_values = np.empty(N1+N2+1) + + # first x-value of the profile + spike_events[0] = t_start + + # first interspike interval - check if a spike exists at the start time + if s1[0] > t_start: + # edge correction + nu1 = fmax(s1[0]-t_start, s1[1]-s1[0]) if N1 > 1 else s1[0]-t_start + index1 = -1 + else: + nu1 = s1[1]-s1[0] if N1 > 1 else t_end-s1[0] + index1 = 0 + + if s2[0] > t_start: + # edge correction + nu2 = fmax(s2[0]-t_start, s2[1]-s2[0]) if N2 > 1 else s2[0]-t_start + index2 = -1 + else: + nu2 = s2[1]-s2[0] if N2 > 1 else t_end-s2[0] + index2 = 0 + + isi_values[0] = fabs(nu1-nu2)/fmax(nu1, nu2) + index = 1 + + with nogil: # release the interpreter to allow multithreading + while index1+index2 < N1+N2-2: + # check which spike is next, only if there are spikes left in 1 + # next spike in 1 is earlier, or there are no spikes left in 2 + if (index1 < N1-1) and ((index2 == N2-1) or + (s1[index1+1] < s2[index2+1])): + index1 += 1 + spike_events[index] = s1[index1] + if index1 < N1-1: + nu1 = s1[index1+1]-s1[index1] + else: + # edge correction + nu1 = fmax(t_end-s1[index1], nu1) if N1 > 1 \ + else t_end-s1[index1] + elif (index2 < N2-1) and ((index1 == N1-1) or + (s1[index1+1] > s2[index2+1])): + index2 += 1 + spike_events[index] = s2[index2] + if index2 < N2-1: + nu2 = s2[index2+1]-s2[index2] + else: + # edge correction + nu2 = fmax(t_end-s2[index2], nu2) if N2 > 1 \ + else t_end-s2[index2] + else: # s1[index1+1] == s2[index2+1] + index1 += 1 + index2 += 1 + spike_events[index] = s1[index1] + if index1 < N1-1: + nu1 = s1[index1+1]-s1[index1] + else: + # edge correction + nu1 = fmax(t_end-s1[index1], nu1) if N1 > 1 \ + else t_end-s1[index1] + if index2 < N2-1: + nu2 = s2[index2+1]-s2[index2] + else: + # edge correction + nu2 = fmax(t_end-s2[index2], nu2) if N2 > 1 \ + else t_end-s2[index2] + # compute the corresponding isi-distance + isi_values[index] = fabs(nu1 - nu2) / fmax(nu1, nu2) + index += 1 + # the last event is the interval end + if spike_events[index-1] == t_end: + index -= 1 + else: + spike_events[index] = t_end + # end nogil + + return spike_events[:index+1], isi_values[:index] + + +############################################################ +# get_min_dist_cython +############################################################ +cdef inline double get_min_dist_cython(double spike_time, + double[:] spike_train, + # use memory view to ensure inlining + # np.ndarray[DTYPE_t,ndim=1] spike_train, + int N, + int start_index, + double t_start, double t_end) nogil: + """ Returns the minimal distance |spike_time - spike_train[i]| + with i>=start_index. + """ + cdef double d, d_temp + # start with the distance to the start time + d = fabs(spike_time - t_start) + if start_index < 0: + start_index = 0 + while start_index < N: + d_temp = fabs(spike_time - spike_train[start_index]) + if d_temp > d: + return d + else: + d = d_temp + start_index += 1 + + # finally, check the distance to end time + d_temp = fabs(t_end - spike_time) + if d_temp > d: + return d + else: + return d_temp + + +############################################################ +# isi_avrg_cython +############################################################ +cdef inline double isi_avrg_cython(double isi1, double isi2) nogil: + return 0.5*(isi1+isi2)*(isi1+isi2) + # alternative definition to obtain <S> ~ 0.5 for Poisson spikes + # return 0.5*(isi1*isi1+isi2*isi2) + + +############################################################ +# spike_profile_cython +############################################################ +def spike_profile_cython(double[:] t1, double[:] t2, + double t_start, double t_end): + + cdef double[:] spike_events + cdef double[:] y_starts + cdef double[:] y_ends + cdef double[:] t_aux1 = np.empty(2) + cdef double[:] t_aux2 = np.empty(2) + + cdef int N1, N2, index1, index2, index + cdef double t_p1, t_f1, t_p2, t_f2, dt_p1, dt_p2, dt_f1, dt_f2 + cdef double isi1, isi2, s1, s2 + + N1 = len(t1) + N2 = len(t2) + + # we can assume at least one spikes per spike train + assert N1 > 0 + assert N2 > 0 + + spike_events = np.empty(N1+N2+2) + + y_starts = np.empty(len(spike_events)-1) + y_ends = np.empty(len(spike_events)-1) + + with nogil: # release the interpreter to allow multithreading + spike_events[0] = t_start + # t_p1 = t_start + # t_p2 = t_start + # auxiliary spikes for edge correction - consistent with first/last ISI + t_aux1[0] = fmin(t_start, 2*t1[0]-t1[1]) if N1 > 1 else t_start + t_aux1[1] = fmax(t_end, 2*t1[N1-1]-t1[N1-2]) if N1 > 1 else t_end + t_aux2[0] = fmin(t_start, 2*t2[0]-t2[1]) if N2 > 1 else t_start + t_aux2[1] = fmax(t_end, 2*t2[N2-1]-t2[N2-2]) if N2 > 1 else t_end + t_p1 = t_start if (t1[0] == t_start) else t_aux1[0] + t_p2 = t_start if (t2[0] == t_start) else t_aux2[0] + if t1[0] > t_start: + # dt_p1 = t2[0]-t_start + t_f1 = t1[0] + dt_f1 = get_min_dist_cython(t_f1, t2, N2, 0, t_aux2[0], t_aux2[1]) + isi1 = fmax(t_f1-t_start, t1[1]-t1[0]) if N1 > 1 else t_f1-t_start + dt_p1 = dt_f1 + # s1 = dt_p1*(t_f1-t_start)/isi1 + s1 = dt_p1 + index1 = -1 + else: + t_f1 = t1[1] if N1 > 1 else t_end + dt_f1 = get_min_dist_cython(t_f1, t2, N2, 0, t_aux2[0], t_aux2[1]) + dt_p1 = get_min_dist_cython(t_p1, t2, N2, 0, t_aux2[0], t_aux2[1]) + isi1 = t_f1-t1[0] + s1 = dt_p1 + index1 = 0 + if t2[0] > t_start: + # dt_p1 = t2[0]-t_start + t_f2 = t2[0] + dt_f2 = get_min_dist_cython(t_f2, t1, N1, 0, t_aux1[0], t_aux1[1]) + dt_p2 = dt_f2 + isi2 = fmax(t_f2-t_start, t2[1]-t2[0]) if N2 > 1 else t_f2-t_start + # s2 = dt_p2*(t_f2-t_start)/isi2 + s2 = dt_p2 + index2 = -1 + else: + t_f2 = t2[1] if N2 > 1 else t_end + dt_f2 = get_min_dist_cython(t_f2, t1, N1, 0, t_aux1[0], t_aux1[1]) + dt_p2 = get_min_dist_cython(t_p2, t1, N1, 0, t_aux1[0], t_aux1[1]) + isi2 = t_f2-t2[0] + s2 = dt_p2 + index2 = 0 + + y_starts[0] = (s1*isi2 + s2*isi1) / isi_avrg_cython(isi1, isi2) + index = 1 + + while index1+index2 < N1+N2-2: + # print(index, index1, index2) + if (index1 < N1-1) and (t_f1 < t_f2 or index2 == N2-1): + index1 += 1 + # first calculate the previous interval end value + s1 = dt_f1*(t_f1-t_p1) / isi1 + # the previous time now was the following time before: + dt_p1 = dt_f1 + t_p1 = t_f1 # t_p1 contains the current time point + # get the next time + if index1 < N1-1: + t_f1 = t1[index1+1] + else: + t_f1 = t_aux1[1] + spike_events[index] = t_p1 + s2 = (dt_p2*(t_f2-t_p1) + dt_f2*(t_p1-t_p2)) / isi2 + y_ends[index-1] = (s1*isi2 + s2*isi1)/isi_avrg_cython(isi1, + isi2) + # now the next interval start value + if index1 < N1-1: + dt_f1 = get_min_dist_cython(t_f1, t2, N2, index2, + t_aux2[0], t_aux2[1]) + isi1 = t_f1-t_p1 + s1 = dt_p1 + else: + dt_f1 = dt_p1 + isi1 = fmax(t_end-t1[N1-1], t1[N1-1]-t1[N1-2]) if N1 > 1 \ + else t_end-t1[N1-1] + # s1 needs adjustment due to change of isi1 + # s1 = dt_p1*(t_end-t1[N1-1])/isi1 + # Eero's correction: no adjustment + s1 = dt_p1 + # s2 is the same as above, thus we can compute y2 immediately + y_starts[index] = (s1*isi2 + s2*isi1)/isi_avrg_cython(isi1, + isi2) + elif (index2 < N2-1) and (t_f1 > t_f2 or index1 == N1-1): + index2 += 1 + # first calculate the previous interval end value + s2 = dt_f2*(t_f2-t_p2) / isi2 + # the previous time now was the following time before: + dt_p2 = dt_f2 + t_p2 = t_f2 # t_p2 contains the current time point + # get the next time + if index2 < N2-1: + t_f2 = t2[index2+1] + else: + t_f2 = t_aux2[1] + spike_events[index] = t_p2 + s1 = (dt_p1*(t_f1-t_p2) + dt_f1*(t_p2-t_p1)) / isi1 + y_ends[index-1] = (s1*isi2 + s2*isi1) / isi_avrg_cython(isi1, + isi2) + # now the next interval start value + if index2 < N2-1: + dt_f2 = get_min_dist_cython(t_f2, t1, N1, index1, + t_aux1[0], t_aux1[1]) + isi2 = t_f2-t_p2 + s2 = dt_p2 + else: + dt_f2 = dt_p2 + isi2 = fmax(t_end-t2[N2-1], t2[N2-1]-t2[N2-2]) if N2 > 1 \ + else t_end-t2[N2-1] + # s2 needs adjustment due to change of isi2 + # s2 = dt_p2*(t_end-t2[N2-1])/isi2 + # Eero's correction: no adjustment + s2 = dt_p2 + # s2 is the same as above, thus we can compute y2 immediately + y_starts[index] = (s1*isi2 + s2*isi1)/isi_avrg_cython(isi1, isi2) + else: # t_f1 == t_f2 - generate only one event + index1 += 1 + index2 += 1 + t_p1 = t_f1 + t_p2 = t_f2 + dt_p1 = 0.0 + dt_p2 = 0.0 + spike_events[index] = t_f1 + y_ends[index-1] = 0.0 + y_starts[index] = 0.0 + if index1 < N1-1: + t_f1 = t1[index1+1] + dt_f1 = get_min_dist_cython(t_f1, t2, N2, index2, + t_aux2[0], t_aux2[1]) + isi1 = t_f1 - t_p1 + else: + t_f1 = t_aux1[1] + dt_f1 = dt_p1 + isi1 = fmax(t_end-t1[N1-1], t1[N1-1]-t1[N1-2]) if N1 > 1 \ + else t_end-t1[N1-1] + if index2 < N2-1: + t_f2 = t2[index2+1] + dt_f2 = get_min_dist_cython(t_f2, t1, N1, index1, + t_aux1[0], t_aux1[1]) + isi2 = t_f2 - t_p2 + else: + t_f2 = t_aux2[1] + dt_f2 = dt_p2 + isi2 = fmax(t_end-t2[N2-1], t2[N2-1]-t2[N2-2]) if N2 > 1 \ + else t_end-t2[N2-1] + index += 1 + # the last event is the interval end + if spike_events[index-1] == t_end: + index -= 1 + else: + spike_events[index] = t_end + s1 = dt_f1 + s2 = dt_f2 + y_ends[index-1] = (s1*isi2 + s2*isi1) / isi_avrg_cython(isi1, isi2) + # end nogil + + # use only the data added above + # could be less than original length due to equal spike times + return spike_events[:index+1], y_starts[:index], y_ends[:index] + + + +############################################################ +# get_tau +############################################################ +cdef inline double get_tau(double[:] spikes1, double[:] spikes2, + int i, int j, double interval, double max_tau): + cdef double m = interval # use interval as initial tau + cdef int N1 = spikes1.shape[0]-1 # len(spikes1)-1 + cdef int N2 = spikes2.shape[0]-1 # len(spikes2)-1 + if i < N1 and i > -1: + m = fmin(m, spikes1[i+1]-spikes1[i]) + if j < N2 and j > -1: + m = fmin(m, spikes2[j+1]-spikes2[j]) + if i > 0: + m = fmin(m, spikes1[i]-spikes1[i-1]) + if j > 0: + m = fmin(m, spikes2[j]-spikes2[j-1]) + m *= 0.5 + if max_tau > 0.0: + m = fmin(m, max_tau) + return m + + +############################################################ +# coincidence_profile_cython +############################################################ +def coincidence_profile_cython(double[:] spikes1, double[:] spikes2, + double t_start, double t_end, double max_tau): + + cdef int N1 = len(spikes1) + cdef int N2 = len(spikes2) + cdef int i = -1 + cdef int j = -1 + cdef int n = 0 + cdef double[:] st = np.zeros(N1 + N2 + 2) # spike times + cdef double[:] c = np.zeros(N1 + N2 + 2) # coincidences + cdef double[:] mp = np.ones(N1 + N2 + 2) # multiplicity + cdef double interval = t_end - t_start + cdef double tau + while i + j < N1 + N2 - 2: + if (i < N1-1) and (j == N2-1 or spikes1[i+1] < spikes2[j+1]): + i += 1 + n += 1 + tau = get_tau(spikes1, spikes2, i, j, interval, max_tau) + st[n] = spikes1[i] + if j > -1 and spikes1[i]-spikes2[j] < tau: + # coincidence between the current spike and the previous spike + # both get marked with 1 + c[n] = 1 + c[n-1] = 1 + elif (j < N2-1) and (i == N1-1 or spikes1[i+1] > spikes2[j+1]): + j += 1 + n += 1 + tau = get_tau(spikes1, spikes2, i, j, interval, max_tau) + st[n] = spikes2[j] + if i > -1 and spikes2[j]-spikes1[i] < tau: + # coincidence between the current spike and the previous spike + # both get marked with 1 + c[n] = 1 + c[n-1] = 1 + else: # spikes1[i+1] = spikes2[j+1] + # advance in both spike trains + j += 1 + i += 1 + n += 1 + # add only one event, but with coincidence 2 and multiplicity 2 + st[n] = spikes1[i] + c[n] = 2 + mp[n] = 2 + + st = st[:n+2] + c = c[:n+2] + mp = mp[:n+2] + + st[0] = t_start + st[len(st)-1] = t_end + if N1 + N2 > 0: + c[0] = c[1] + c[len(c)-1] = c[len(c)-2] + mp[0] = mp[1] + mp[len(mp)-1] = mp[len(mp)-2] + else: + c[0] = 1 + c[1] = 1 + + return st, c, mp + + +############################################################ +# coincidence_single_profile_cython +############################################################ +def coincidence_single_profile_cython(double[:] spikes1, double[:] spikes2, + double t_start, double t_end, double max_tau): + + cdef int N1 = len(spikes1) + cdef int N2 = len(spikes2) + cdef int j = -1 + cdef double[:] c = np.zeros(N1) # coincidences + cdef double interval = t_end - t_start + cdef double tau + for i in xrange(N1): + while j < N2-1 and spikes2[j+1] < spikes1[i]: + # move forward until spikes2[j] is the last spike before spikes1[i] + # note that if spikes2[j] is after spikes1[i] we dont do anything + j += 1 + tau = get_tau(spikes1, spikes2, i, j, interval, max_tau) + if j > -1 and fabs(spikes1[i]-spikes2[j]) < tau: + # current spike in st1 is coincident + c[i] = 1 + if j < N2-1 and (j < 0 or spikes2[j] < spikes1[i]): + # in case spikes2[j] is before spikes1[i] it has to be the one + # right before (see above), hence we move one forward and also + # check the next spike + j += 1 + tau = get_tau(spikes1, spikes2, i, j, interval, max_tau) + if fabs(spikes2[j]-spikes1[i]) < tau: + # current spike in st1 is coincident + c[i] = 1 + return c diff --git a/pyspike/cython/cython_simulated_annealing.pyx b/pyspike/cython/cython_simulated_annealing.pyx new file mode 100644 index 0000000..be9423c --- /dev/null +++ b/pyspike/cython/cython_simulated_annealing.pyx @@ -0,0 +1,82 @@ +#cython: boundscheck=False +#cython: wraparound=False +#cython: cdivision=True + +""" +cython_simulated_annealing.pyx + +cython implementation of a simulated annealing algorithm to find the optimal +spike train order + +Note: using cython memoryviews (e.g. double[:]) instead of ndarray objects +improves the performance of spike_distance by a factor of 10! + +Copyright 2015, Mario Mulansky <mario.mulansky@gmx.net> + +Distributed under the BSD License + +""" + +""" +To test whether things can be optimized: remove all yellow stuff +in the html output:: + + cython -a cython_simulated_annealing.pyx + +which gives: + + cython_simulated_annealing.html + +""" + +import numpy as np +cimport numpy as np + +from libc.math cimport exp +from libc.math cimport fmod +from libc.stdlib cimport rand +from libc.stdlib cimport RAND_MAX + +DTYPE = np.float +ctypedef np.float_t DTYPE_t + + +def sim_ann_cython(double[:, :] D, double T_start, double T_end, double alpha): + + cdef long N = len(D) + cdef double A = np.sum(np.triu(D, 0)) + cdef long[:] p = np.arange(N) + cdef double T = T_start + cdef long iterations + cdef long succ_iter + cdef long total_iter = 0 + cdef double delta_A + cdef long ind1 + cdef long ind2 + + while T > T_end: + iterations = 0 + succ_iter = 0 + # equilibrate for 100*N steps or 10*N successful steps + while iterations < 100*N and succ_iter < 10*N: + # exchange two rows and cols + # ind1 = np.random.randint(N-1) + ind1 = rand() % (N-1) + if ind1 < N-1: + ind2 = ind1+1 + else: # this can never happen! + ind2 = 0 + delta_A = -2*D[p[ind1], p[ind2]] + if delta_A > 0.0 or exp(delta_A/T) > ((1.0*rand()) / RAND_MAX): + # swap indices + p[ind1], p[ind2] = p[ind2], p[ind1] + A += delta_A + succ_iter += 1 + iterations += 1 + total_iter += iterations + T *= alpha # cool down + if succ_iter == 0: + # no successful step -> we believe we have converged + break + + return p, A, total_iter diff --git a/pyspike/cython/directionality_python_backend.py b/pyspike/cython/directionality_python_backend.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c1d820b --- /dev/null +++ b/pyspike/cython/directionality_python_backend.py @@ -0,0 +1,144 @@ +""" directionality_python_backend.py + +Collection of python functions that can be used instead of the cython +implementation. + +Copyright 2015, Mario Mulansky <mario.mulansky@gmx.net> + +Distributed under the BSD License + +""" + +import numpy as np + + +############################################################ +# spike_train_order_python +############################################################ +def spike_directionality_profile_python(spikes1, spikes2, t_start, t_end, + max_tau): + + def get_tau(spikes1, spikes2, i, j, max_tau): + m = t_end - t_start # use interval as initial tau + if i < len(spikes1)-1 and i > -1: + m = min(m, spikes1[i+1]-spikes1[i]) + if j < len(spikes2)-1 and j > -1: + m = min(m, spikes2[j+1]-spikes2[j]) + if i > 0: + m = min(m, spikes1[i]-spikes1[i-1]) + if j > 0: + m = min(m, spikes2[j]-spikes2[j-1]) + m *= 0.5 + if max_tau > 0.0: + m = min(m, max_tau) + return m + + N1 = len(spikes1) + N2 = len(spikes2) + i = -1 + j = -1 + d1 = np.zeros(N1) # directionality values + d2 = np.zeros(N2) # directionality values + while i + j < N1 + N2 - 2: + if (i < N1-1) and (j == N2-1 or spikes1[i+1] < spikes2[j+1]): + i += 1 + tau = get_tau(spikes1, spikes2, i, j, max_tau) + if j > -1 and spikes1[i]-spikes2[j] < tau: + # coincidence between the current spike and the previous spike + # spike in first spike train occurs after second + d1[i] = -1 + d2[j] = +1 + elif (j < N2-1) and (i == N1-1 or spikes1[i+1] > spikes2[j+1]): + j += 1 + tau = get_tau(spikes1, spikes2, i, j, max_tau) + if i > -1 and spikes2[j]-spikes1[i] < tau: + # coincidence between the current spike and the previous spike + # spike in second spike train occurs after first + d1[i] = +1 + d2[j] = -1 + else: # spikes1[i+1] = spikes2[j+1] + # advance in both spike trains + j += 1 + i += 1 + d1[i] = 0 + d2[j] = 0 + + return d1, d2 + + +############################################################ +# spike_train_order_python +############################################################ +def spike_train_order_profile_python(spikes1, spikes2, t_start, t_end, + max_tau): + + def get_tau(spikes1, spikes2, i, j, max_tau): + m = t_end - t_start # use interval as initial tau + if i < len(spikes1)-1 and i > -1: + m = min(m, spikes1[i+1]-spikes1[i]) + if j < len(spikes2)-1 and j > -1: + m = min(m, spikes2[j+1]-spikes2[j]) + if i > 0: + m = min(m, spikes1[i]-spikes1[i-1]) + if j > 0: + m = min(m, spikes2[j]-spikes2[j-1]) + m *= 0.5 + if max_tau > 0.0: + m = min(m, max_tau) + return m + + N1 = len(spikes1) + N2 = len(spikes2) + i = -1 + j = -1 + n = 0 + st = np.zeros(N1 + N2 + 2) # spike times + a = np.zeros(N1 + N2 + 2) # coincidences + mp = np.ones(N1 + N2 + 2) # multiplicity + while i + j < N1 + N2 - 2: + if (i < N1-1) and (j == N2-1 or spikes1[i+1] < spikes2[j+1]): + i += 1 + n += 1 + tau = get_tau(spikes1, spikes2, i, j, max_tau) + st[n] = spikes1[i] + if j > -1 and spikes1[i]-spikes2[j] < tau: + # coincidence between the current spike and the previous spike + # both get marked with 1 + a[n] = -1 + a[n-1] = -1 + elif (j < N2-1) and (i == N1-1 or spikes1[i+1] > spikes2[j+1]): + j += 1 + n += 1 + tau = get_tau(spikes1, spikes2, i, j, max_tau) + st[n] = spikes2[j] + if i > -1 and spikes2[j]-spikes1[i] < tau: + # coincidence between the current spike and the previous spike + # both get marked with 1 + a[n] = 1 + a[n-1] = 1 + else: # spikes1[i+1] = spikes2[j+1] + # advance in both spike trains + j += 1 + i += 1 + n += 1 + # add only one event with zero asymmetry value and multiplicity 2 + st[n] = spikes1[i] + a[n] = 0 + mp[n] = 2 + + st = st[:n+2] + a = a[:n+2] + mp = mp[:n+2] + + st[0] = t_start + st[len(st)-1] = t_end + if N1 + N2 > 0: + a[0] = a[1] + a[len(a)-1] = a[len(a)-2] + mp[0] = mp[1] + mp[len(mp)-1] = mp[len(mp)-2] + else: + a[0] = 1 + a[1] = 1 + + return st, a, mp diff --git a/pyspike/cython/python_backend.py b/pyspike/cython/python_backend.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e75f181 --- /dev/null +++ b/pyspike/cython/python_backend.py @@ -0,0 +1,638 @@ +""" python_backend.py + +Collection of python functions that can be used instead of the cython +implementation. + +Copyright 2014-2015, Mario Mulansky <mario.mulansky@gmx.net> + +Distributed under the BSD License + +""" + +import numpy as np + + +############################################################ +# isi_distance_python +############################################################ +def isi_distance_python(s1, s2, t_start, t_end): + """ Plain Python implementation of the isi distance. + """ + N1 = len(s1) + N2 = len(s2) + + # compute the isi-distance + spike_events = np.empty(N1+N2+2) + spike_events[0] = t_start + # the values have one entry less - the number of intervals between events + isi_values = np.empty(len(spike_events) - 1) + if s1[0] > t_start: + # edge correction + nu1 = max(s1[0] - t_start, s1[1] - s1[0]) if N1 > 1 else s1[0]-t_start + index1 = -1 + else: + nu1 = s1[1] - s1[0] if N1 > 1 else t_end-s1[0] + index1 = 0 + if s2[0] > t_start: + # edge correction + nu2 = max(s2[0] - t_start, s2[1] - s2[0]) if N2 > 1 else s2[0]-t_start + index2 = -1 + else: + nu2 = s2[1] - s2[0] if N2 > 1 else t_end-s2[0] + index2 = 0 + + isi_values[0] = abs(nu1 - nu2) / max(nu1, nu2) + index = 1 + while index1+index2 < N1+N2-2: + # check which spike is next - from s1 or s2 + if (index1 < N1-1) and (index2 == N2-1 or s1[index1+1] < s2[index2+1]): + index1 += 1 + spike_events[index] = s1[index1] + if index1 < N1-1: + nu1 = s1[index1+1]-s1[index1] + else: + # edge correction + nu1 = max(t_end-s1[N1-1], s1[N1-1]-s1[N1-2]) if N1 > 1 \ + else t_end-s1[N1-1] + + elif (index2 < N2-1) and (index1 == N1-1 or + s1[index1+1] > s2[index2+1]): + index2 += 1 + spike_events[index] = s2[index2] + if index2 < N2-1: + nu2 = s2[index2+1]-s2[index2] + else: + # edge correction + nu2 = max(t_end-s2[N2-1], s2[N2-1]-s2[N2-2]) if N2 > 1 \ + else t_end-s2[N2-1] + + else: # s1[index1 + 1] == s2[index2 + 1] + index1 += 1 + index2 += 1 + spike_events[index] = s1[index1] + if index1 < N1-1: + nu1 = s1[index1+1]-s1[index1] + else: + # edge correction + nu1 = max(t_end-s1[N1-1], s1[N1-1]-s1[N1-2]) if N1 > 1 \ + else t_end-s1[N1-1] + if index2 < N2-1: + nu2 = s2[index2+1]-s2[index2] + else: + # edge correction + nu2 = max(t_end-s2[N2-1], s2[N2-1]-s2[N2-2]) if N2 > 1 \ + else t_end-s2[N2-1] + # compute the corresponding isi-distance + isi_values[index] = abs(nu1 - nu2) / \ + max(nu1, nu2) + index += 1 + # the last event is the interval end + if spike_events[index-1] == t_end: + index -= 1 + else: + spike_events[index] = t_end + # use only the data added above + # could be less than original length due to equal spike times + return spike_events[:index + 1], isi_values[:index] + + +############################################################ +# get_min_dist +############################################################ +def get_min_dist(spike_time, spike_train, start_index, t_start, t_end): + """ Returns the minimal distance |spike_time - spike_train[i]| + with i>=start_index. + """ + d = abs(spike_time - t_start) + if start_index < 0: + start_index = 0 + while start_index < len(spike_train): + d_temp = abs(spike_time - spike_train[start_index]) + if d_temp > d: + return d + else: + d = d_temp + start_index += 1 + # finally, check the distance to end time + d_temp = abs(t_end - spike_time) + if d_temp > d: + return d + else: + return d_temp + + +############################################################ +# spike_distance_python +############################################################ +def spike_distance_python(spikes1, spikes2, t_start, t_end): + """ Computes the instantaneous spike-distance S_spike (t) of the two given + spike trains. The spike trains are expected to have auxiliary spikes at the + beginning and end of the interval. Use the function add_auxiliary_spikes to + add those spikes to the spike train. + Args: + - spikes1, spikes2: ordered arrays of spike times with auxiliary spikes. + - t_start, t_end: edges of the spike train + Returns: + - PieceWiseLinFunc describing the spike-distance. + """ + + # shorter variables + t1 = spikes1 + t2 = spikes2 + + N1 = len(t1) + N2 = len(t2) + + spike_events = np.empty(N1+N2+2) + + y_starts = np.empty(len(spike_events)-1) + y_ends = np.empty(len(spike_events)-1) + + t_aux1 = np.zeros(2) + t_aux2 = np.zeros(2) + t_aux1[0] = min(t_start, t1[0]-(t1[1]-t1[0])) if N1 > 1 else t_start + t_aux1[1] = max(t_end, t1[N1-1]+(t1[N1-1]-t1[N1-2])) if N1 > 1 else t_end + t_aux2[0] = min(t_start, t2[0]-(t2[1]-t2[0])) if N2 > 1 else t_start + t_aux2[1] = max(t_end, t2[N2-1]+(t2[N2-1]-t2[N2-2])) if N2 > 1 else t_end + t_p1 = t_start if (t1[0] == t_start) else t_aux1[0] + t_p2 = t_start if (t2[0] == t_start) else t_aux2[0] + + # print "t_aux1", t_aux1, ", t_aux2:", t_aux2 + + spike_events[0] = t_start + if t1[0] > t_start: + t_f1 = t1[0] + dt_f1 = get_min_dist(t_f1, t2, 0, t_aux2[0], t_aux2[1]) + dt_p1 = dt_f1 + isi1 = max(t_f1-t_start, t1[1]-t1[0]) if N1 > 1 else t_f1-t_start + # s1 = dt_p1*(t_f1-t_start)/isi1 + s1 = dt_p1 + index1 = -1 + else: + # dt_p1 = t_start-t_p2 + t_f1 = t1[1] if N1 > 1 else t_end + dt_p1 = get_min_dist(t_p1, t2, 0, t_aux2[0], t_aux2[1]) + dt_f1 = get_min_dist(t_f1, t2, 0, t_aux2[0], t_aux2[1]) + isi1 = t_f1-t1[0] + s1 = dt_p1 + index1 = 0 + if t2[0] > t_start: + # dt_p1 = t2[0]-t_start + t_f2 = t2[0] + dt_f2 = get_min_dist(t_f2, t1, 0, t_aux1[0], t_aux1[1]) + dt_p2 = dt_f2 + isi2 = max(t_f2-t_start, t2[1]-t2[0]) if N2 > 1 else t_f2-t_start + # s2 = dt_p2*(t_f2-t_start)/isi2 + s2 = dt_p2 + index2 = -1 + else: + t_f2 = t2[1] if N2 > 1 else t_end + dt_p2 = get_min_dist(t_p2, t1, 0, t_aux1[0], t_aux1[1]) + dt_f2 = get_min_dist(t_f2, t1, 0, t_aux1[0], t_aux1[1]) + isi2 = t_f2-t2[0] + s2 = dt_p2 + index2 = 0 + + y_starts[0] = (s1*isi2 + s2*isi1) / (0.5*(isi1+isi2)**2) + index = 1 + + while index1+index2 < N1+N2-2: + # print(index, index1, index2) + if (index1 < N1-1) and (t_f1 < t_f2 or index2 == N2-1): + index1 += 1 + # first calculate the previous interval end value + s1 = dt_f1*(t_f1-t_p1) / isi1 + # the previous time now was the following time before: + dt_p1 = dt_f1 + t_p1 = t_f1 # t_p1 contains the current time point + # get the next time + if index1 < N1-1: + t_f1 = t1[index1+1] + else: + t_f1 = t_aux1[1] + spike_events[index] = t_p1 + s2 = (dt_p2*(t_f2-t_p1) + dt_f2*(t_p1-t_p2)) / isi2 + y_ends[index-1] = (s1*isi2 + s2*isi1) / (0.5*(isi1+isi2)**2) + # now the next interval start value + if index1 < N1-1: + dt_f1 = get_min_dist(t_f1, t2, index2, t_aux2[0], t_aux2[1]) + isi1 = t_f1-t_p1 + s1 = dt_p1 + else: + dt_f1 = dt_p1 + isi1 = max(t_end-t1[N1-1], t1[N1-1]-t1[N1-2]) if N1 > 1 \ + else t_end-t1[N1-1] + # s1 needs adjustment due to change of isi1 + # s1 = dt_p1*(t_end-t1[N1-1])/isi1 + # Eero's correction: no adjustment + s1 = dt_p1 + # s2 is the same as above, thus we can compute y2 immediately + y_starts[index] = (s1*isi2 + s2*isi1) / (0.5*(isi1+isi2)**2) + elif (index2 < N2-1) and (t_f1 > t_f2 or index1 == N1-1): + index2 += 1 + # first calculate the previous interval end value + s2 = dt_f2*(t_f2-t_p2) / isi2 + # the previous time now was the following time before: + dt_p2 = dt_f2 + t_p2 = t_f2 # t_p1 contains the current time point + # get the next time + if index2 < N2-1: + t_f2 = t2[index2+1] + else: + t_f2 = t_aux2[1] + spike_events[index] = t_p2 + s1 = (dt_p1*(t_f1-t_p2) + dt_f1*(t_p2-t_p1)) / isi1 + y_ends[index-1] = (s1*isi2 + s2*isi1) / (0.5*(isi1+isi2)**2) + # now the next interval start value + if index2 < N2-1: + dt_f2 = get_min_dist(t_f2, t1, index1, t_aux1[0], t_aux1[1]) + isi2 = t_f2-t_p2 + s2 = dt_p2 + else: + dt_f2 = dt_p2 + isi2 = max(t_end-t2[N2-1], t2[N2-1]-t2[N2-2]) if N2 > 1 \ + else t_end-t2[N2-1] + # s2 needs adjustment due to change of isi2 + # s2 = dt_p2*(t_end-t2[N2-1])/isi2 + # Eero's adjustment: no correction + s2 = dt_p2 + # s2 is the same as above, thus we can compute y2 immediately + y_starts[index] = (s1*isi2 + s2*isi1) / (0.5*(isi1+isi2)**2) + else: # t_f1 == t_f2 - generate only one event + index1 += 1 + index2 += 1 + t_p1 = t_f1 + t_p2 = t_f2 + dt_p1 = 0.0 + dt_p2 = 0.0 + spike_events[index] = t_f1 + y_ends[index-1] = 0.0 + y_starts[index] = 0.0 + if index1 < N1-1: + t_f1 = t1[index1+1] + dt_f1 = get_min_dist(t_f1, t2, index2, t_aux2[0], t_aux2[1]) + isi1 = t_f1 - t_p1 + else: + t_f1 = t_aux1[1] + dt_f1 = dt_p1 + isi1 = max(t_end-t1[N1-1], t1[N1-1]-t1[N1-2]) if N1 > 1 \ + else t_end-t1[N1-1] + if index2 < N2-1: + t_f2 = t2[index2+1] + dt_f2 = get_min_dist(t_f2, t1, index1, t_aux1[0], t_aux1[1]) + isi2 = t_f2 - t_p2 + else: + t_f2 = t_aux2[1] + dt_f2 = dt_p2 + isi2 = max(t_end-t2[N2-1], t2[N2-1]-t2[N2-2]) if N2 > 1 \ + else t_end-t2[N2-1] + index += 1 + + # the last event is the interval end + if spike_events[index-1] == t_end: + index -= 1 + else: + spike_events[index] = t_end + s1 = dt_f1 # *(t_end-t1[N1-1])/isi1 + s2 = dt_f2 # *(t_end-t2[N2-1])/isi2 + y_ends[index-1] = (s1*isi2 + s2*isi1) / (0.5*(isi1+isi2)**2) + + # use only the data added above + # could be less than original length due to equal spike times + return spike_events[:index+1], y_starts[:index], y_ends[:index] + + +############################################################ +# cumulative_sync_python +############################################################ +def cumulative_sync_python(spikes1, spikes2): + + def get_tau(spikes1, spikes2, i, j): + return 0.5*min([spikes1[i]-spikes1[i-1], spikes1[i+1]-spikes1[i], + spikes2[j]-spikes2[j-1], spikes2[j+1]-spikes2[j]]) + N1 = len(spikes1) + N2 = len(spikes2) + i = 0 + j = 0 + n = 0 + st = np.zeros(N1 + N2 - 2) + c = np.zeros(N1 + N2 - 3) + c[0] = 0 + st[0] = 0 + while n < N1 + N2: + if spikes1[i+1] < spikes2[j+1]: + i += 1 + n += 1 + tau = get_tau(spikes1, spikes2, i, j) + st[n] = spikes1[i] + if spikes1[i]-spikes2[j] > tau: + c[n] = c[n-1] + else: + c[n] = c[n-1]+1 + elif spikes1[i+1] > spikes2[j+1]: + j += 1 + n += 1 + tau = get_tau(spikes1, spikes2, i, j) + st[n] = spikes2[j] + if spikes2[j]-spikes1[i] > tau: + c[n] = c[n-1] + else: + c[n] = c[n-1]+1 + else: # spikes1[i+1] = spikes2[j+1] + j += 1 + i += 1 + if i == N1-1 or j == N2-1: + break + n += 1 + st[n] = spikes1[i] + c[n] = c[n-1] + n += 1 + st[n] = spikes1[i] + c[n] = c[n-1]+1 + c[0] = 0 + st[0] = spikes1[0] + st[-1] = spikes1[-1] + + return st, c + + +def get_tau(spikes1, spikes2, i, j, max_tau, init_tau): + m = init_tau + if i < len(spikes1)-1 and i > -1: + m = min(m, spikes1[i+1]-spikes1[i]) + if j < len(spikes2)-1 and j > -1: + m = min(m, spikes2[j+1]-spikes2[j]) + if i > 0: + m = min(m, spikes1[i]-spikes1[i-1]) + if j > 0: + m = min(m, spikes2[j]-spikes2[j-1]) + m *= 0.5 + if max_tau > 0.0: + m = min(m, max_tau) + return m + + +############################################################ +# coincidence_python +############################################################ +def coincidence_python(spikes1, spikes2, t_start, t_end, max_tau): + + N1 = len(spikes1) + N2 = len(spikes2) + i = -1 + j = -1 + n = 0 + st = np.zeros(N1 + N2 + 2) # spike times + c = np.zeros(N1 + N2 + 2) # coincidences + mp = np.ones(N1 + N2 + 2) # multiplicity + while i + j < N1 + N2 - 2: + if (i < N1-1) and (j == N2-1 or spikes1[i+1] < spikes2[j+1]): + i += 1 + n += 1 + tau = get_tau(spikes1, spikes2, i, j, max_tau, t_end-t_start) + st[n] = spikes1[i] + if j > -1 and spikes1[i]-spikes2[j] < tau: + # coincidence between the current spike and the previous spike + # both get marked with 1 + c[n] = 1 + c[n-1] = 1 + elif (j < N2-1) and (i == N1-1 or spikes1[i+1] > spikes2[j+1]): + j += 1 + n += 1 + tau = get_tau(spikes1, spikes2, i, j, max_tau, t_end-t_start) + st[n] = spikes2[j] + if i > -1 and spikes2[j]-spikes1[i] < tau: + # coincidence between the current spike and the previous spike + # both get marked with 1 + c[n] = 1 + c[n-1] = 1 + else: # spikes1[i+1] = spikes2[j+1] + # advance in both spike trains + j += 1 + i += 1 + n += 1 + # add only one event, but with coincidence 2 and multiplicity 2 + st[n] = spikes1[i] + c[n] = 2 + mp[n] = 2 + + st = st[:n+2] + c = c[:n+2] + mp = mp[:n+2] + + st[0] = t_start + st[len(st)-1] = t_end + if N1 + N2 > 0: + c[0] = c[1] + c[len(c)-1] = c[len(c)-2] + mp[0] = mp[1] + mp[len(mp)-1] = mp[len(mp)-2] + else: + c[0] = 1 + c[1] = 1 + + return st, c, mp + + +############################################################ +# coincidence_single_profile_cython +############################################################ +def coincidence_single_python(spikes1, spikes2, t_start, t_end, max_tau): + + N1 = len(spikes1) + N2 = len(spikes2) + j = -1 + c = np.zeros(N1) # coincidences + for i in range(N1): + while j < N2-1 and spikes2[j+1] < spikes1[i]: + # move forward until spikes2[j] is the last spike before spikes1[i] + # note that if spikes2[j] is after spikes1[i] we dont do anything + j += 1 + tau = get_tau(spikes1, spikes2, i, j, max_tau, t_end-t_start) + if j > -1 and abs(spikes1[i]-spikes2[j]) < tau: + # current spike in st1 is coincident + c[i] = 1 + if j < N2-1 and (j < 0 or spikes2[j] < spikes1[i]): + # in case spikes2[j] is before spikes1[i] it has to be the first or + # the one right before (see above), hence we move one forward and + # also check the next spike + j += 1 + tau = get_tau(spikes1, spikes2, i, j, max_tau, t_end-t_start) + if abs(spikes2[j]-spikes1[i]) < tau: + # current spike in st1 is coincident + c[i] = 1 + return c + + +############################################################ +# add_piece_wise_const_python +############################################################ +def add_piece_wise_const_python(x1, y1, x2, y2): + x_new = np.empty(len(x1) + len(x2)) + y_new = np.empty(len(x_new)-1) + x_new[0] = x1[0] + y_new[0] = y1[0] + y2[0] + index1 = 0 + index2 = 0 + index = 0 + while (index1+1 < len(y1)) and (index2+1 < len(y2)): + index += 1 + # print(index1+1, x1[index1+1], y1[index1+1], x_new[index]) + if x1[index1+1] < x2[index2+1]: + index1 += 1 + x_new[index] = x1[index1] + elif x1[index1+1] > x2[index2+1]: + index2 += 1 + x_new[index] = x2[index2] + else: # x1[index1+1] == x2[index2+1]: + index1 += 1 + index2 += 1 + x_new[index] = x1[index1] + y_new[index] = y1[index1] + y2[index2] + # one array reached the end -> copy the contents of the other to the end + if index1+1 < len(y1): + x_new[index+1:index+1+len(x1)-index1-1] = x1[index1+1:] + y_new[index+1:index+1+len(y1)-index1-1] = y1[index1+1:] + y2[-1] + index += len(x1)-index1-2 + elif index2+1 < len(y2): + x_new[index+1:index+1+len(x2)-index2-1] = x2[index2+1:] + y_new[index+1:index+1+len(y2)-index2-1] = y2[index2+1:] + y1[-1] + index += len(x2)-index2-2 + else: # both arrays reached the end simultaneously + # only the last x-value missing + x_new[index+1] = x1[-1] + # the last value is again the end of the interval + # x_new[index+1] = x1[-1] + # only use the data that was actually filled + + return x_new[:index+2], y_new[:index+1] + + +############################################################ +# add_piece_lin_const_python +############################################################ +def add_piece_wise_lin_python(x1, y11, y12, x2, y21, y22): + x_new = np.empty(len(x1) + len(x2)) + y1_new = np.empty(len(x_new)-1) + y2_new = np.empty_like(y1_new) + x_new[0] = x1[0] + y1_new[0] = y11[0] + y21[0] + index1 = 0 # index for self + index2 = 0 # index for f + index = 0 # index for new + while (index1+1 < len(y11)) and (index2+1 < len(y21)): + # print(index1+1, x1[index1+1], self.y[index1+1], x_new[index]) + if x1[index1+1] < x2[index2+1]: + # first compute the end value of the previous interval + # linear interpolation of the interval + y = y21[index2] + (y22[index2]-y21[index2]) * \ + (x1[index1+1]-x2[index2]) / (x2[index2+1]-x2[index2]) + y2_new[index] = y12[index1] + y + index1 += 1 + index += 1 + x_new[index] = x1[index1] + # and the starting value for the next interval + y1_new[index] = y11[index1] + y + elif x1[index1+1] > x2[index2+1]: + # first compute the end value of the previous interval + # linear interpolation of the interval + y = y11[index1] + (y12[index1]-y11[index1]) * \ + (x2[index2+1]-x1[index1]) / \ + (x1[index1+1]-x1[index1]) + y2_new[index] = y22[index2] + y + index2 += 1 + index += 1 + x_new[index] = x2[index2] + # and the starting value for the next interval + y1_new[index] = y21[index2] + y + else: # x1[index1+1] == x2[index2+1]: + y2_new[index] = y12[index1] + y22[index2] + index1 += 1 + index2 += 1 + index += 1 + x_new[index] = x1[index1] + y1_new[index] = y11[index1] + y21[index2] + # one array reached the end -> copy the contents of the other to the end + if index1+1 < len(y11): + # compute the linear interpolations values + y = y21[index2] + (y22[index2]-y21[index2]) * \ + (x1[index1+1:-1]-x2[index2]) / (x2[index2+1]-x2[index2]) + x_new[index+1:index+1+len(x1)-index1-1] = x1[index1+1:] + y1_new[index+1:index+1+len(y11)-index1-1] = y11[index1+1:]+y + y2_new[index:index+len(y12)-index1-1] = y12[index1:-1] + y + index += len(x1)-index1-2 + elif index2+1 < len(y21): + # compute the linear interpolations values + y = y11[index1] + (y12[index1]-y11[index1]) * \ + (x2[index2+1:-1]-x1[index1]) / \ + (x1[index1+1]-x1[index1]) + x_new[index+1:index+1+len(x2)-index2-1] = x2[index2+1:] + y1_new[index+1:index+1+len(y21)-index2-1] = y21[index2+1:] + y + y2_new[index:index+len(y22)-index2-1] = y22[index2:-1] + y + index += len(x2)-index2-2 + else: # both arrays reached the end simultaneously + # only the last x-value missing + x_new[index+1] = x1[-1] + # finally, the end value for the last interval + y2_new[index] = y12[-1]+y22[-1] + # only use the data that was actually filled + return x_new[:index+2], y1_new[:index+1], y2_new[:index+1] + + +############################################################ +# add_discrete_function_python +############################################################ +def add_discrete_function_python(x1, y1, mp1, x2, y2, mp2): + + x_new = np.empty(len(x1) + len(x2)) + y_new = np.empty_like(x_new) + mp_new = np.empty_like(x_new) + x_new[0] = x1[0] + index1 = 0 + index2 = 0 + index = 0 + N1 = len(x1)-1 + N2 = len(x2)-1 + while (index1+1 < N1) and (index2+1 < N2): + if x1[index1+1] < x2[index2+1]: + index1 += 1 + index += 1 + x_new[index] = x1[index1] + y_new[index] = y1[index1] + mp_new[index] = mp1[index1] + elif x1[index1+1] > x2[index2+1]: + index2 += 1 + index += 1 + x_new[index] = x2[index2] + y_new[index] = y2[index2] + mp_new[index] = mp2[index2] + else: # x1[index1+1] == x2[index2+1] + index1 += 1 + index2 += 1 + index += 1 + x_new[index] = x1[index1] + y_new[index] = y1[index1] + y2[index2] + mp_new[index] = mp1[index1] + mp2[index2] + # one array reached the end -> copy the contents of the other to the end + if index1+1 < N1: + x_new[index+1:index+1+N1-index1] = x1[index1+1:] + y_new[index+1:index+1+N1-index1] = y1[index1+1:] + mp_new[index+1:index+1+N1-index1] = mp1[index1+1:] + index += N1-index1 + elif index2+1 < N2: + x_new[index+1:index+1+N2-index2] = x2[index2+1:] + y_new[index+1:index+1+N2-index2] = y2[index2+1:] + mp_new[index+1:index+1+N2-index2] = mp2[index2+1:] + index += N2-index2 + else: # both arrays reached the end simultaneously + x_new[index+1] = x1[-1] + y_new[index+1] = y1[-1] + y2[-1] + mp_new[index+1] = mp1[-1] + mp2[-1] + index += 1 + + y_new[0] = y_new[1] + mp_new[0] = mp_new[1] + + # the last value is again the end of the interval + # only use the data that was actually filled + return x_new[:index+1], y_new[:index+1], mp_new[:index+1] diff --git a/pyspike/generic.py b/pyspike/generic.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5ad06f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/pyspike/generic.py @@ -0,0 +1,150 @@ +""" + +Generic functions to compute multi-variate profiles and distance matrices. + +Copyright 2015, Mario Mulansky <mario.mulansky@gmx.net> + +Distributed under the BSD License +""" + +from __future__ import division + +import numpy as np + + +############################################################ +# _generic_profile_multi +############################################################ +def _generic_profile_multi(spike_trains, pair_distance_func, indices=None): + """ Internal implementation detail, don't call this function directly, + use isi_profile_multi or spike_profile_multi instead. + + Computes the multi-variate distance for a set of spike-trains using the + pair_dist_func to compute pair-wise distances. That is it computes the + average distance of all pairs of spike-trains: + :math:`S(t) = 2/((N(N-1)) sum_{<i,j>} S_{i,j}`, + where the sum goes over all pairs <i,j>. + Args: + - spike_trains: list of spike trains + - pair_distance_func: function computing the distance of two spike trains + - indices: list of indices defining which spike trains to use, + if None all given spike trains are used (default=None) + Returns: + - The averaged multi-variate distance of all pairs + """ + + def divide_and_conquer(pairs1, pairs2): + """ recursive calls by splitting the two lists in half. + """ + L1 = len(pairs1) + if L1 > 1: + dist_prof1 = divide_and_conquer(pairs1[:L1//2], + pairs1[L1//2:]) + else: + dist_prof1 = pair_distance_func(spike_trains[pairs1[0][0]], + spike_trains[pairs1[0][1]]) + L2 = len(pairs2) + if L2 > 1: + dist_prof2 = divide_and_conquer(pairs2[:L2//2], + pairs2[L2//2:]) + else: + dist_prof2 = pair_distance_func(spike_trains[pairs2[0][0]], + spike_trains[pairs2[0][1]]) + dist_prof1.add(dist_prof2) + return dist_prof1 + + if indices is None: + indices = np.arange(len(spike_trains)) + indices = np.array(indices) + # check validity of indices + assert (indices < len(spike_trains)).all() and (indices >= 0).all(), \ + "Invalid index list." + # generate a list of possible index pairs + pairs = [(indices[i], j) for i in range(len(indices)) + for j in indices[i+1:]] + + L = len(pairs) + if L > 1: + # recursive iteration through the list of pairs to get average profile + avrg_dist = divide_and_conquer(pairs[:len(pairs)//2], + pairs[len(pairs)//2:]) + else: + avrg_dist = pair_distance_func(spike_trains[pairs[0][0]], + spike_trains[pairs[0][1]]) + + return avrg_dist, L + + +############################################################ +# _generic_distance_multi +############################################################ +def _generic_distance_multi(spike_trains, pair_distance_func, + indices=None, interval=None): + """ Internal implementation detail, don't call this function directly, + use isi_distance_multi or spike_distance_multi instead. + + Computes the multi-variate distance for a set of spike-trains using the + pair_dist_func to compute pair-wise distances. That is it computes the + average distance of all pairs of spike-trains: + :math:`S(t) = 2/((N(N-1)) sum_{<i,j>} D_{i,j}`, + where the sum goes over all pairs <i,j>. + Args: + - spike_trains: list of spike trains + - pair_distance_func: function computing the distance of two spike trains + - indices: list of indices defining which spike trains to use, + if None all given spike trains are used (default=None) + Returns: + - The averaged multi-variate distance of all pairs + """ + + if indices is None: + indices = np.arange(len(spike_trains)) + indices = np.array(indices) + # check validity of indices + assert (indices < len(spike_trains)).all() and (indices >= 0).all(), \ + "Invalid index list." + # generate a list of possible index pairs + pairs = [(indices[i], j) for i in range(len(indices)) + for j in indices[i+1:]] + + avrg_dist = 0.0 + for (i, j) in pairs: + avrg_dist += pair_distance_func(spike_trains[i], spike_trains[j], + interval) + + return avrg_dist/len(pairs) + + +############################################################ +# generic_distance_matrix +############################################################ +def _generic_distance_matrix(spike_trains, dist_function, + indices=None, interval=None): + """ Internal implementation detail. Don't use this function directly. + Instead use isi_distance_matrix or spike_distance_matrix. + Computes the time averaged distance of all pairs of spike-trains. + Args: + - spike_trains: list of spike trains + - indices: list of indices defining which spike-trains to use + if None all given spike-trains are used (default=None) + Return: + - a 2D array of size len(indices)*len(indices) containing the average + pair-wise distance + """ + if indices is None: + indices = np.arange(len(spike_trains)) + indices = np.array(indices) + # check validity of indices + assert (indices < len(spike_trains)).all() and (indices >= 0).all(), \ + "Invalid index list." + # generate a list of possible index pairs + pairs = [(i, j) for i in range(len(indices)) + for j in range(i+1, len(indices))] + + distance_matrix = np.zeros((len(indices), len(indices))) + for i, j in pairs: + d = dist_function(spike_trains[indices[i]], spike_trains[indices[j]], + interval) + distance_matrix[i, j] = d + distance_matrix[j, i] = d + return distance_matrix diff --git a/pyspike/isi_distance.py b/pyspike/isi_distance.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e91dce2 --- /dev/null +++ b/pyspike/isi_distance.py @@ -0,0 +1,230 @@ +# Module containing several functions to compute the ISI profiles and distances +# Copyright 2014-2015, Mario Mulansky <mario.mulansky@gmx.net> +# Distributed under the BSD License + +from __future__ import absolute_import + +import pyspike +from pyspike import PieceWiseConstFunc +from pyspike.generic import _generic_profile_multi, _generic_distance_multi, \ + _generic_distance_matrix + + +############################################################ +# isi_profile +############################################################ +def isi_profile(*args, **kwargs): + """ Computes the isi-distance profile :math:`I(t)` of the given + spike trains. Returns the profile as a PieceWiseConstFunc object. The + ISI-values are defined positive :math:`I(t)>=0`. + + Valid call structures:: + + isi_profile(st1, st2) # returns the bi-variate profile + isi_profile(st1, st2, st3) # multi-variate profile of 3 spike trains + + spike_trains = [st1, st2, st3, st4] # list of spike trains + isi_profile(spike_trains) # profile of the list of spike trains + isi_profile(spike_trains, indices=[0, 1]) # use only the spike trains + # given by the indices + + The multivariate ISI distance profile for a set of spike trains is defined + as the average ISI-profile of all pairs of spike-trains: + + .. math:: <I(t)> = \\frac{2}{N(N-1)} \\sum_{<i,j>} I^{i,j}, + + where the sum goes over all pairs <i,j> + + + :returns: The isi-distance profile :math:`I(t)` + :rtype: :class:`.PieceWiseConstFunc` + """ + if len(args) == 1: + return isi_profile_multi(args[0], **kwargs) + elif len(args) == 2: + return isi_profile_bi(args[0], args[1]) + else: + return isi_profile_multi(args) + + +############################################################ +# isi_profile_bi +############################################################ +def isi_profile_bi(spike_train1, spike_train2): + """ Specific function to compute a bivariate ISI-profile. This is a + deprecated function and should not be called directly. Use + :func:`.isi_profile` to compute ISI-profiles. + + :param spike_train1: First spike train. + :type spike_train1: :class:`.SpikeTrain` + :param spike_train2: Second spike train. + :type spike_train2: :class:`.SpikeTrain` + :returns: The isi-distance profile :math:`I(t)` + :rtype: :class:`.PieceWiseConstFunc` + + """ + # check whether the spike trains are defined for the same interval + assert spike_train1.t_start == spike_train2.t_start, \ + "Given spike trains are not defined on the same interval!" + assert spike_train1.t_end == spike_train2.t_end, \ + "Given spike trains are not defined on the same interval!" + + # load cython implementation + try: + from .cython.cython_profiles import isi_profile_cython \ + as isi_profile_impl + except ImportError: + if not(pyspike.disable_backend_warning): + print("Warning: isi_profile_cython not found. Make sure that \ +PySpike is installed by running\n 'python setup.py build_ext --inplace'!\n \ +Falling back to slow python backend.") + # use python backend + from .cython.python_backend import isi_distance_python \ + as isi_profile_impl + + times, values = isi_profile_impl(spike_train1.get_spikes_non_empty(), + spike_train2.get_spikes_non_empty(), + spike_train1.t_start, spike_train1.t_end) + return PieceWiseConstFunc(times, values) + + +############################################################ +# isi_profile_multi +############################################################ +def isi_profile_multi(spike_trains, indices=None): + """ Specific function to compute the multivariate ISI-profile for a set of + spike trains. This is a deprecated function and should not be called + directly. Use :func:`.isi_profile` to compute ISI-profiles. + + + :param spike_trains: list of :class:`.SpikeTrain` + :param indices: list of indices defining which spike trains to use, + if None all given spike trains are used (default=None) + :type state: list or None + :returns: The averaged isi profile :math:`<I(t)>` + :rtype: :class:`.PieceWiseConstFunc` + """ + average_dist, M = _generic_profile_multi(spike_trains, isi_profile_bi, + indices) + average_dist.mul_scalar(1.0/M) # normalize + return average_dist + + +############################################################ +# isi_distance +############################################################ +def isi_distance(*args, **kwargs): + """ Computes the ISI-distance :math:`D_I` of the given spike trains. The + isi-distance is the integral over the isi distance profile + :math:`I(t)`: + + .. math:: D_I = \\int_{T_0}^{T_1} I(t) dt. + + In the multivariate case it is the integral over the multivariate + ISI-profile, i.e. the average profile over all spike train pairs: + + .. math:: D_I = \\int_0^T \\frac{2}{N(N-1)} \\sum_{<i,j>} I^{i,j}, + + where the sum goes over all pairs <i,j> + + + + Valid call structures:: + + isi_distance(st1, st2) # returns the bi-variate distance + isi_distance(st1, st2, st3) # multi-variate distance of 3 spike trains + + spike_trains = [st1, st2, st3, st4] # list of spike trains + isi_distance(spike_trains) # distance of the list of spike trains + isi_distance(spike_trains, indices=[0, 1]) # use only the spike trains + # given by the indices + + :returns: The isi-distance :math:`D_I`. + :rtype: double + """ + + if len(args) == 1: + return isi_distance_multi(args[0], **kwargs) + elif len(args) == 2: + return isi_distance_bi(args[0], args[1], **kwargs) + else: + return isi_distance_multi(args, **kwargs) + + +############################################################ +# _isi_distance_bi +############################################################ +def isi_distance_bi(spike_train1, spike_train2, interval=None): + """ Specific function to compute the bivariate ISI-distance. + This is a deprecated function and should not be called directly. Use + :func:`.isi_distance` to compute ISI-distances. + + :param spike_train1: First spike train. + :type spike_train1: :class:`.SpikeTrain` + :param spike_train2: Second spike train. + :type spike_train2: :class:`.SpikeTrain` + :param interval: averaging interval given as a pair of floats (T0, T1), + if None the average over the whole function is computed. + :type interval: Pair of floats or None. + :returns: The isi-distance :math:`D_I`. + :rtype: double + """ + + if interval is None: + # distance over the whole interval is requested: use specific function + # for optimal performance + try: + from .cython.cython_distances import isi_distance_cython \ + as isi_distance_impl + + return isi_distance_impl(spike_train1.get_spikes_non_empty(), + spike_train2.get_spikes_non_empty(), + spike_train1.t_start, spike_train1.t_end) + except ImportError: + # Cython backend not available: fall back to profile averaging + return isi_profile_bi(spike_train1, spike_train2).avrg(interval) + else: + # some specific interval is provided: use profile + return isi_profile_bi(spike_train1, spike_train2).avrg(interval) + + +############################################################ +# isi_distance_multi +############################################################ +def isi_distance_multi(spike_trains, indices=None, interval=None): + """ Specific function to compute the multivariate ISI-distance. + This is a deprecfated function and should not be called directly. Use + :func:`.isi_distance` to compute ISI-distances. + + :param spike_trains: list of :class:`.SpikeTrain` + :param indices: list of indices defining which spike trains to use, + if None all given spike trains are used (default=None) + :param interval: averaging interval given as a pair of floats, if None + the average over the whole function is computed. + :type interval: Pair of floats or None. + :returns: The time-averaged multivariate ISI distance :math:`D_I` + :rtype: double + """ + return _generic_distance_multi(spike_trains, isi_distance_bi, indices, + interval) + + +############################################################ +# isi_distance_matrix +############################################################ +def isi_distance_matrix(spike_trains, indices=None, interval=None): + """ Computes the time averaged isi-distance of all pairs of spike-trains. + + :param spike_trains: list of :class:`.SpikeTrain` + :param indices: list of indices defining which spike trains to use, + if None all given spike trains are used (default=None) + :type indices: list or None + :param interval: averaging interval given as a pair of floats, if None + the average over the whole function is computed. + :type interval: Pair of floats or None. + :returns: 2D array with the pair wise time average isi distances + :math:`D_{I}^{ij}` + :rtype: np.array + """ + return _generic_distance_matrix(spike_trains, isi_distance_bi, + indices=indices, interval=interval) diff --git a/pyspike/psth.py b/pyspike/psth.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7cf1140 --- /dev/null +++ b/pyspike/psth.py @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +# Module containing functions to compute the PSTH profile +# Copyright 2015, Mario Mulansky <mario.mulansky@gmx.net> +# Distributed under the BSD License + +import numpy as np +from pyspike import PieceWiseConstFunc + + +# Computes the peri-stimulus time histogram of a set of spike trains +def psth(spike_trains, bin_size): + """ Computes the peri-stimulus time histogram of a set of + :class:`.SpikeTrain`. The PSTH is simply the histogram of merged spike + events. The :code:`bin_size` defines the width of the histogram bins. + + :param spike_trains: list of :class:`.SpikeTrain` + :param bin_size: width of the histogram bins. + :return: The PSTH as a :class:`.PieceWiseConstFunc` + """ + + bin_count = int((spike_trains[0].t_end - spike_trains[0].t_start) / + bin_size) + bins = np.linspace(spike_trains[0].t_start, spike_trains[0].t_end, + bin_count+1) + + # N = len(spike_trains) + combined_spike_train = spike_trains[0].spikes + for i in range(1, len(spike_trains)): + combined_spike_train = np.append(combined_spike_train, + spike_trains[i].spikes) + + vals, edges = np.histogram(combined_spike_train, bins, density=False) + + bin_size = edges[1]-edges[0] + return PieceWiseConstFunc(edges, vals) # /(N*bin_size)) diff --git a/pyspike/spike_directionality.py b/pyspike/spike_directionality.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..248862c --- /dev/null +++ b/pyspike/spike_directionality.py @@ -0,0 +1,522 @@ +# Module containing functions to compute the SPIKE directionality and the +# spike train order profile +# Copyright 2015, Mario Mulansky <mario.mulansky@gmx.net> +# Distributed under the BSD License + +from __future__ import absolute_import + +import numpy as np +import pyspike +from pyspike import DiscreteFunc +from functools import partial +from pyspike.generic import _generic_profile_multi + + +############################################################ +# spike_directionality_values +############################################################ +def spike_directionality_values(*args, **kwargs): + """ Computes the spike directionality value for each spike in + each spike train. Returns a list containing an array of spike directionality + values for every given spike train. + + Valid call structures:: + + spike_directionality_values(st1, st2) # returns the bi-variate profile + spike_directionality_values(st1, st2, st3) # multi-variate profile of 3 + # spike trains + + spike_trains = [st1, st2, st3, st4] # list of spike trains + spike_directionality_values(spike_trains) # profile of the list of spike trains + spike_directionality_values(spike_trains, indices=[0, 1]) # use only the spike trains + # given by the indices + + Additonal arguments: + :param max_tau: Upper bound for coincidence window (default=None). + :param indices: list of indices defining which spike trains to use, + if None all given spike trains are used (default=None) + + :returns: The spike directionality values :math:`D^n_i` as a list of arrays. + """ + if len(args) == 1: + return _spike_directionality_values_impl(args[0], **kwargs) + else: + return _spike_directionality_values_impl(args, **kwargs) + + +def _spike_directionality_values_impl(spike_trains, indices=None, + interval=None, max_tau=None): + """ Computes the multi-variate spike directionality profile + of the given spike trains. + + :param spike_trains: List of spike trains. + :type spike_trains: List of :class:`pyspike.SpikeTrain` + :param indices: list of indices defining which spike trains to use, + if None all given spike trains are used (default=None) + :type indices: list or None + :param max_tau: Maximum coincidence window size. If 0 or `None`, the + coincidence window has no upper bound. + :returns: The spike-directionality values. + """ + if interval is not None: + raise NotImplementedError("Parameter `interval` not supported.") + if indices is None: + indices = np.arange(len(spike_trains)) + indices = np.array(indices) + # check validity of indices + assert (indices < len(spike_trains)).all() and (indices >= 0).all(), \ + "Invalid index list." + # list of arrays for resulting asymmetry values + asymmetry_list = [np.zeros_like(spike_trains[n].spikes) for n in indices] + # generate a list of possible index pairs + pairs = [(indices[i], j) for i in range(len(indices)) + for j in indices[i+1:]] + + # cython implementation + try: + from .cython.cython_directionality import \ + spike_directionality_profiles_cython as profile_impl + except ImportError: + if not(pyspike.disable_backend_warning): + print("Warning: spike_distance_cython not found. Make sure that \ +PySpike is installed by running\n 'python setup.py build_ext --inplace'!\n \ +Falling back to slow python backend.") + # use python backend + from .cython.directionality_python_backend import \ + spike_directionality_profile_python as profile_impl + + if max_tau is None: + max_tau = 0.0 + + for i, j in pairs: + d1, d2 = profile_impl(spike_trains[i].spikes, spike_trains[j].spikes, + spike_trains[i].t_start, spike_trains[i].t_end, + max_tau) + asymmetry_list[i] += d1 + asymmetry_list[j] += d2 + for a in asymmetry_list: + a /= len(spike_trains)-1 + return asymmetry_list + + +############################################################ +# spike_directionality +############################################################ +def spike_directionality(spike_train1, spike_train2, normalize=True, + interval=None, max_tau=None): + """ Computes the overall spike directionality of the first spike train with + respect to the second spike train. + + :param spike_train1: First spike train. + :type spike_train1: :class:`pyspike.SpikeTrain` + :param spike_train2: Second spike train. + :type spike_train2: :class:`pyspike.SpikeTrain` + :param normalize: Normalize by the number of spikes (multiplicity). + :param max_tau: Maximum coincidence window size. If 0 or `None`, the + coincidence window has no upper bound. + :returns: The spike train order profile :math:`E(t)`. + """ + if interval is None: + # distance over the whole interval is requested: use specific function + # for optimal performance + try: + from .cython.cython_directionality import \ + spike_directionality_cython as spike_directionality_impl + if max_tau is None: + max_tau = 0.0 + d = spike_directionality_impl(spike_train1.spikes, + spike_train2.spikes, + spike_train1.t_start, + spike_train1.t_end, + max_tau) + c = len(spike_train1.spikes) + except ImportError: + if not(pyspike.disable_backend_warning): + print("Warning: spike_distance_cython not found. Make sure that \ +PySpike is installed by running\n 'python setup.py build_ext --inplace'!\n \ +Falling back to slow python backend.") + # use profile. + d1, x = spike_directionality_values([spike_train1, spike_train2], + interval=interval, + max_tau=max_tau) + d = np.sum(d1) + c = len(spike_train1.spikes) + if normalize: + return 1.0*d/c + else: + return d + else: + # some specific interval is provided: not yet implemented + raise NotImplementedError("Parameter `interval` not supported.") + + +############################################################ +# spike_directionality_matrix +############################################################ +def spike_directionality_matrix(spike_trains, normalize=True, indices=None, + interval=None, max_tau=None): + """ Computes the spike directionality matrix for the given spike trains. + + :param spike_trains: List of spike trains. + :type spike_trains: List of :class:`pyspike.SpikeTrain` + :param normalize: Normalize by the number of spikes (multiplicity). + :param indices: list of indices defining which spike trains to use, + if None all given spike trains are used (default=None) + :type indices: list or None + :param max_tau: Maximum coincidence window size. If 0 or `None`, the + coincidence window has no upper bound. + :returns: The spike-directionality values. + """ + if indices is None: + indices = np.arange(len(spike_trains)) + indices = np.array(indices) + # check validity of indices + assert (indices < len(spike_trains)).all() and (indices >= 0).all(), \ + "Invalid index list." + # generate a list of possible index pairs + pairs = [(indices[i], j) for i in range(len(indices)) + for j in indices[i+1:]] + + distance_matrix = np.zeros((len(indices), len(indices))) + for i, j in pairs: + d = spike_directionality(spike_trains[i], spike_trains[j], normalize, + interval, max_tau=max_tau) + distance_matrix[i, j] = d + distance_matrix[j, i] = -d + return distance_matrix + + +############################################################ +# spike_train_order_profile +############################################################ +def spike_train_order_profile(*args, **kwargs): + """ Computes the spike train order profile :math:`E(t)` of the given + spike trains. Returns the profile as a DiscreteFunction object. + + Valid call structures:: + + spike_train_order_profile(st1, st2) # returns the bi-variate profile + spike_train_order_profile(st1, st2, st3) # multi-variate profile of 3 + # spike trains + + spike_trains = [st1, st2, st3, st4] # list of spike trains + spike_train_order_profile(spike_trains) # profile of the list of spike trains + spike_train_order_profile(spike_trains, indices=[0, 1]) # use only the spike trains + # given by the indices + + Additonal arguments: + :param max_tau: Upper bound for coincidence window, `default=None`. + :param indices: list of indices defining which spike trains to use, + if None all given spike trains are used (default=None) + + :returns: The spike train order profile :math:`E(t)` + :rtype: :class:`.DiscreteFunction` + """ + if len(args) == 1: + return spike_train_order_profile_multi(args[0], **kwargs) + elif len(args) == 2: + return spike_train_order_profile_bi(args[0], args[1], **kwargs) + else: + return spike_train_order_profile_multi(args, **kwargs) + + +############################################################ +# spike_train_order_profile_bi +############################################################ +def spike_train_order_profile_bi(spike_train1, spike_train2, max_tau=None): + """ Computes the spike train order profile P(t) of the two given + spike trains. Returns the profile as a DiscreteFunction object. + + :param spike_train1: First spike train. + :type spike_train1: :class:`pyspike.SpikeTrain` + :param spike_train2: Second spike train. + :type spike_train2: :class:`pyspike.SpikeTrain` + :param max_tau: Maximum coincidence window size. If 0 or `None`, the + coincidence window has no upper bound. + :returns: The spike train order profile :math:`E(t)`. + :rtype: :class:`pyspike.function.DiscreteFunction` + """ + # check whether the spike trains are defined for the same interval + assert spike_train1.t_start == spike_train2.t_start, \ + "Given spike trains are not defined on the same interval!" + assert spike_train1.t_end == spike_train2.t_end, \ + "Given spike trains are not defined on the same interval!" + + # cython implementation + try: + from .cython.cython_directionality import \ + spike_train_order_profile_cython as \ + spike_train_order_profile_impl + except ImportError: + # raise NotImplementedError() + if not(pyspike.disable_backend_warning): + print("Warning: spike_distance_cython not found. Make sure that \ +PySpike is installed by running\n 'python setup.py build_ext --inplace'!\n \ +Falling back to slow python backend.") + # use python backend + from .cython.directionality_python_backend import \ + spike_train_order_profile_python as spike_train_order_profile_impl + + if max_tau is None: + max_tau = 0.0 + + times, coincidences, multiplicity \ + = spike_train_order_profile_impl(spike_train1.spikes, + spike_train2.spikes, + spike_train1.t_start, + spike_train1.t_end, + max_tau) + + return DiscreteFunc(times, coincidences, multiplicity) + + +############################################################ +# spike_train_order_profile_multi +############################################################ +def spike_train_order_profile_multi(spike_trains, indices=None, + max_tau=None): + """ Computes the multi-variate spike train order profile for a set of + spike trains. For each spike in the set of spike trains, the multi-variate + profile is defined as the sum of asymmetry values divided by the number of + spike trains pairs involving the spike train of containing this spike, + which is the number of spike trains minus one (N-1). + + :param spike_trains: list of :class:`pyspike.SpikeTrain` + :param indices: list of indices defining which spike trains to use, + if None all given spike trains are used (default=None) + :type indices: list or None + :param max_tau: Maximum coincidence window size. If 0 or `None`, the + coincidence window has no upper bound. + :returns: The multi-variate spike sync profile :math:`<S_{sync}>(t)` + :rtype: :class:`pyspike.function.DiscreteFunction` + """ + prof_func = partial(spike_train_order_profile_bi, max_tau=max_tau) + average_prof, M = _generic_profile_multi(spike_trains, prof_func, + indices) + return average_prof + + + +############################################################ +# _spike_train_order_impl +############################################################ +def _spike_train_order_impl(spike_train1, spike_train2, + interval=None, max_tau=None): + """ Implementation of bi-variatae spike train order value (Synfire Indicator). + + :param spike_train1: First spike train. + :type spike_train1: :class:`pyspike.SpikeTrain` + :param spike_train2: Second spike train. + :type spike_train2: :class:`pyspike.SpikeTrain` + :param max_tau: Maximum coincidence window size. If 0 or `None`, the + coincidence window has no upper bound. + :returns: The spike train order value (Synfire Indicator) + """ + if interval is None: + # distance over the whole interval is requested: use specific function + # for optimal performance + try: + from .cython.cython_directionality import \ + spike_train_order_cython as spike_train_order_func + if max_tau is None: + max_tau = 0.0 + c, mp = spike_train_order_func(spike_train1.spikes, + spike_train2.spikes, + spike_train1.t_start, + spike_train1.t_end, + max_tau) + except ImportError: + # Cython backend not available: fall back to profile averaging + c, mp = spike_train_order_profile(spike_train1, spike_train2, + max_tau=max_tau).integral(interval) + return c, mp + else: + # some specific interval is provided: not yet implemented + raise NotImplementedError("Parameter `interval` not supported.") + + +############################################################ +# spike_train_order +############################################################ +def spike_train_order(*args, **kwargs): + """ Computes the spike train order (Synfire Indicator) of the given + spike trains. + + Valid call structures:: + + spike_train_order(st1, st2, normalize=True) # normalized bi-variate + # spike train order + spike_train_order(st1, st2, st3) # multi-variate result of 3 spike trains + + spike_trains = [st1, st2, st3, st4] # list of spike trains + spike_train_order(spike_trains) # result for the list of spike trains + spike_train_order(spike_trains, indices=[0, 1]) # use only the spike trains + # given by the indices + + Additonal arguments: + - `max_tau` Upper bound for coincidence window, `default=None`. + - `normalize` Flag indicating if the reslut should be normalized by the + number of spikes , default=`False` + + + :returns: The spike train order value (Synfire Indicator) + """ + if len(args) == 1: + return spike_train_order_multi(args[0], **kwargs) + elif len(args) == 2: + return spike_train_order_bi(args[0], args[1], **kwargs) + else: + return spike_train_order_multi(args, **kwargs) + + +############################################################ +# spike_train_order_bi +############################################################ +def spike_train_order_bi(spike_train1, spike_train2, normalize=True, + interval=None, max_tau=None): + """ Computes the overall spike train order value (Synfire Indicator) + for two spike trains. + + :param spike_train1: First spike train. + :type spike_train1: :class:`pyspike.SpikeTrain` + :param spike_train2: Second spike train. + :type spike_train2: :class:`pyspike.SpikeTrain` + :param normalize: Normalize by the number of spikes (multiplicity). + :param max_tau: Maximum coincidence window size. If 0 or `None`, the + coincidence window has no upper bound. + :returns: The spike train order value (Synfire Indicator) + """ + c, mp = _spike_train_order_impl(spike_train1, spike_train2, interval, max_tau) + if normalize: + return 1.0*c/mp + else: + return c + +############################################################ +# spike_train_order_multi +############################################################ +def spike_train_order_multi(spike_trains, indices=None, normalize=True, + interval=None, max_tau=None): + """ Computes the overall spike train order value (Synfire Indicator) + for many spike trains. + + :param spike_trains: list of :class:`.SpikeTrain` + :param indices: list of indices defining which spike trains to use, + if None all given spike trains are used (default=None) + :param normalize: Normalize by the number of spike (multiplicity). + :param interval: averaging interval given as a pair of floats, if None + the average over the whole function is computed. + :type interval: Pair of floats or None. + :param max_tau: Maximum coincidence window size. If 0 or `None`, the + coincidence window has no upper bound. + :returns: Spike train order values (Synfire Indicator) F for the given spike trains. + :rtype: double + """ + if indices is None: + indices = np.arange(len(spike_trains)) + indices = np.array(indices) + # check validity of indices + assert (indices < len(spike_trains)).all() and (indices >= 0).all(), \ + "Invalid index list." + # generate a list of possible index pairs + pairs = [(indices[i], j) for i in range(len(indices)) + for j in indices[i+1:]] + + e_total = 0.0 + m_total = 0.0 + for (i, j) in pairs: + e, m = _spike_train_order_impl(spike_trains[i], spike_trains[j], + interval, max_tau) + e_total += e + m_total += m + + if m == 0.0: + return 1.0 + else: + return e_total/m_total + + + +############################################################ +# optimal_spike_train_sorting_from_matrix +############################################################ +def _optimal_spike_train_sorting_from_matrix(D, full_output=False): + """ Finds the best sorting via simulated annealing. + Returns the optimal permutation p and A value. + Not for direct use, call :func:`.optimal_spike_train_sorting` instead. + + :param D: The directionality (Spike-ORDER) matrix. + :param full_output: If true, then function will additionally return the + number of performed iterations (default=False) + :return: (p, F) - tuple with the optimal permutation and synfire indicator. + if `full_output=True` , (p, F, iter) is returned. + """ + N = len(D) + A = np.sum(np.triu(D, 0)) + + p = np.arange(N) + + T_start = 2*np.max(D) # starting temperature + T_end = 1E-5 * T_start # final temperature + alpha = 0.9 # cooling factor + + try: + from .cython.cython_simulated_annealing import sim_ann_cython as sim_ann + except ImportError: + raise NotImplementedError("PySpike with Cython required for computing spike train" + " sorting!") + + p, A, total_iter = sim_ann(D, T_start, T_end, alpha) + + if full_output: + return p, A, total_iter + else: + return p, A + + +############################################################ +# optimal_spike_train_sorting +############################################################ +def optimal_spike_train_sorting(spike_trains, indices=None, interval=None, + max_tau=None, full_output=False): + """ Finds the best sorting of the given spike trains by computing the spike + directionality matrix and optimize the order using simulated annealing. + For a detailed description of the algorithm see: + `http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1367-2630/aa68c3/meta` + + :param spike_trains: list of :class:`.SpikeTrain` + :param indices: list of indices defining which spike trains to use, + if None all given spike trains are used (default=None) + :type indices: list or None + :param interval: time interval filter given as a pair of floats, if None + the full spike trains are used (default=None). + :type interval: Pair of floats or None. + :param max_tau: Maximum coincidence window size. If 0 or `None`, the + coincidence window has no upper bound (default=None). + :param full_output: If true, then function will additionally return the + number of performed iterations (default=False) + :return: (p, F) - tuple with the optimal permutation and synfire indicator. + if `full_output=True` , (p, F, iter) is returned. + """ + D = spike_directionality_matrix(spike_trains, normalize=False, + indices=indices, interval=interval, + max_tau=max_tau) + return _optimal_spike_train_sorting_from_matrix(D, full_output) + +############################################################ +# permutate_matrix +############################################################ +def permutate_matrix(D, p): + """ Helper function that applies the permutation p to the columns and rows + of matrix D. Return the permutated matrix :math:`D'[n,m] = D[p[n], p[m]]`. + + :param D: The matrix. + :param d: The permutation. + :return: The permuated matrix D', ie :math:`D'[n,m] = D[p[n], p[m]]` + """ + N = len(D) + D_p = np.empty_like(D) + for n in range(N): + for m in range(N): + D_p[n, m] = D[p[n], p[m]] + return D_p diff --git a/pyspike/spike_distance.py b/pyspike/spike_distance.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0fd86c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/pyspike/spike_distance.py @@ -0,0 +1,231 @@ +# Module containing several functions to compute SPIKE profiles and distances +# Copyright 2014-2015, Mario Mulansky <mario.mulansky@gmx.net> +# Distributed under the BSD License + +from __future__ import absolute_import + +import pyspike +from pyspike import PieceWiseLinFunc +from pyspike.generic import _generic_profile_multi, _generic_distance_multi, \ + _generic_distance_matrix + + +############################################################ +# spike_profile +############################################################ +def spike_profile(*args, **kwargs): + """ Computes the spike-distance profile :math:`S(t)` of the given + spike trains. Returns the profile as a PieceWiseConstLin object. The + SPIKE-values are defined positive :math:`S(t)>=0`. + + Valid call structures:: + + spike_profile(st1, st2) # returns the bi-variate profile + spike_profile(st1, st2, st3) # multi-variate profile of 3 spike trains + + spike_trains = [st1, st2, st3, st4] # list of spike trains + spike_profile(spike_trains) # profile of the list of spike trains + spike_profile(spike_trains, indices=[0, 1]) # use only the spike trains + # given by the indices + + The multivariate spike-distance profile is defined as the average of all + pairs of spike-trains: + + .. math:: <S(t)> = \\frac{2}{N(N-1)} \\sum_{<i,j>} S^{i, j}`, + + where the sum goes over all pairs <i,j> + + :returns: The spike-distance profile :math:`S(t)` + :rtype: :class:`.PieceWiseConstLin` + """ + if len(args) == 1: + return spike_profile_multi(args[0], **kwargs) + elif len(args) == 2: + return spike_profile_bi(args[0], args[1]) + else: + return spike_profile_multi(args) + + +############################################################ +# spike_profile_bi +############################################################ +def spike_profile_bi(spike_train1, spike_train2): + """ Specific function to compute a bivariate SPIKE-profile. This is a + deprecated function and should not be called directly. Use + :func:`.spike_profile` to compute SPIKE-profiles. + + :param spike_train1: First spike train. + :type spike_train1: :class:`.SpikeTrain` + :param spike_train2: Second spike train. + :type spike_train2: :class:`.SpikeTrain` + :returns: The spike-distance profile :math:`S(t)`. + :rtype: :class:`.PieceWiseLinFunc` + + """ + # check whether the spike trains are defined for the same interval + assert spike_train1.t_start == spike_train2.t_start, \ + "Given spike trains are not defined on the same interval!" + assert spike_train1.t_end == spike_train2.t_end, \ + "Given spike trains are not defined on the same interval!" + + # cython implementation + try: + from .cython.cython_profiles import spike_profile_cython \ + as spike_profile_impl + except ImportError: + if not(pyspike.disable_backend_warning): + print("Warning: spike_profile_cython not found. Make sure that \ +PySpike is installed by running\n 'python setup.py build_ext --inplace'!\n \ +Falling back to slow python backend.") + # use python backend + from .cython.python_backend import spike_distance_python \ + as spike_profile_impl + + times, y_starts, y_ends = spike_profile_impl( + spike_train1.get_spikes_non_empty(), + spike_train2.get_spikes_non_empty(), + spike_train1.t_start, spike_train1.t_end) + + return PieceWiseLinFunc(times, y_starts, y_ends) + + +############################################################ +# spike_profile_multi +############################################################ +def spike_profile_multi(spike_trains, indices=None): + """ Specific function to compute a multivariate SPIKE-profile. This is a + deprecated function and should not be called directly. Use + :func:`.spike_profile` to compute SPIKE-profiles. + + :param spike_trains: list of :class:`.SpikeTrain` + :param indices: list of indices defining which spike trains to use, + if None all given spike trains are used (default=None) + :type indices: list or None + :returns: The averaged spike profile :math:`<S>(t)` + :rtype: :class:`.PieceWiseLinFunc` + + """ + average_dist, M = _generic_profile_multi(spike_trains, spike_profile_bi, + indices) + average_dist.mul_scalar(1.0/M) # normalize + return average_dist + + +############################################################ +# spike_distance +############################################################ +def spike_distance(*args, **kwargs): + """ Computes the SPIKE-distance :math:`D_S` of the given spike trains. The + spike-distance is the integral over the spike distance profile + :math:`D(t)`: + + .. math:: D_S = \\int_{T_0}^{T_1} S(t) dt. + + + Valid call structures:: + + spike_distance(st1, st2) # returns the bi-variate distance + spike_distance(st1, st2, st3) # multi-variate distance of 3 spike trains + + spike_trains = [st1, st2, st3, st4] # list of spike trains + spike_distance(spike_trains) # distance of the list of spike trains + spike_distance(spike_trains, indices=[0, 1]) # use only the spike trains + # given by the indices + + In the multivariate case, the spike distance is given as the integral over + the multivariate profile, that is the average profile of all spike train + pairs: + + .. math:: D_S = \\int_0^T \\frac{2}{N(N-1)} \\sum_{<i,j>} + S^{i, j} dt + + :returns: The spike-distance :math:`D_S`. + :rtype: double + """ + + if len(args) == 1: + return spike_distance_multi(args[0], **kwargs) + elif len(args) == 2: + return spike_distance_bi(args[0], args[1], **kwargs) + else: + return spike_distance_multi(args, **kwargs) + + +############################################################ +# spike_distance_bi +############################################################ +def spike_distance_bi(spike_train1, spike_train2, interval=None): + """ Specific function to compute a bivariate SPIKE-distance. This is a + deprecated function and should not be called directly. Use + :func:`.spike_distance` to compute SPIKE-distances. + + :param spike_train1: First spike train. + :type spike_train1: :class:`.SpikeTrain` + :param spike_train2: Second spike train. + :type spike_train2: :class:`.SpikeTrain` + :param interval: averaging interval given as a pair of floats (T0, T1), + if None the average over the whole function is computed. + :type interval: Pair of floats or None. + :returns: The spike-distance. + :rtype: double + + """ + if interval is None: + # distance over the whole interval is requested: use specific function + # for optimal performance + try: + from .cython.cython_distances import spike_distance_cython \ + as spike_distance_impl + return spike_distance_impl(spike_train1.get_spikes_non_empty(), + spike_train2.get_spikes_non_empty(), + spike_train1.t_start, + spike_train1.t_end) + except ImportError: + # Cython backend not available: fall back to average profile + return spike_profile_bi(spike_train1, spike_train2).avrg(interval) + else: + # some specific interval is provided: compute the whole profile + return spike_profile_bi(spike_train1, spike_train2).avrg(interval) + + +############################################################ +# spike_distance_multi +############################################################ +def spike_distance_multi(spike_trains, indices=None, interval=None): + """ Specific function to compute a multivariate SPIKE-distance. This is a + deprecated function and should not be called directly. Use + :func:`.spike_distance` to compute SPIKE-distances. + + :param spike_trains: list of :class:`.SpikeTrain` + :param indices: list of indices defining which spike trains to use, + if None all given spike trains are used (default=None) + :type indices: list or None + :param interval: averaging interval given as a pair of floats, if None + the average over the whole function is computed. + :type interval: Pair of floats or None. + :returns: The averaged multi-variate spike distance :math:`D_S`. + :rtype: double + """ + return _generic_distance_multi(spike_trains, spike_distance_bi, indices, + interval) + + +############################################################ +# spike_distance_matrix +############################################################ +def spike_distance_matrix(spike_trains, indices=None, interval=None): + """ Computes the time averaged spike-distance of all pairs of spike-trains. + + :param spike_trains: list of :class:`.SpikeTrain` + :param indices: list of indices defining which spike trains to use, + if None all given spike trains are used (default=None) + :type indices: list or None + :param interval: averaging interval given as a pair of floats, if None + the average over the whole function is computed. + :type interval: Pair of floats or None. + :returns: 2D array with the pair wise time average spike distances + :math:`D_S^{ij}` + :rtype: np.array + """ + return _generic_distance_matrix(spike_trains, spike_distance_bi, + indices, interval) diff --git a/pyspike/spike_sync.py b/pyspike/spike_sync.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..95ef454 --- /dev/null +++ b/pyspike/spike_sync.py @@ -0,0 +1,341 @@ +# Module containing several functions to compute SPIKE-Synchronization profiles +# and distances +# Copyright 2014-2015, Mario Mulansky <mario.mulansky@gmx.net> +# Distributed under the BSD License + +from __future__ import absolute_import + +import numpy as np +from functools import partial +import pyspike +from pyspike import DiscreteFunc, SpikeTrain +from pyspike.generic import _generic_profile_multi, _generic_distance_matrix + + +############################################################ +# spike_sync_profile +############################################################ +def spike_sync_profile(*args, **kwargs): + """ Computes the spike-synchronization profile S_sync(t) of the given + spike trains. Returns the profile as a DiscreteFunction object. In the + bivariate case, he S_sync values are either 1 or 0, indicating the presence + or absence of a coincidence. For multi-variate cases, each spike in the set + of spike trains, the profile is defined as the number of coincidences + divided by the number of spike trains pairs involving the spike train of + containing this spike, which is the number of spike trains minus one (N-1). + + Valid call structures:: + + spike_sync_profile(st1, st2) # returns the bi-variate profile + spike_sync_profile(st1, st2, st3) # multi-variate profile of 3 sts + + sts = [st1, st2, st3, st4] # list of spike trains + spike_sync_profile(sts) # profile of the list of spike trains + spike_sync_profile(sts, indices=[0, 1]) # use only the spike trains + # given by the indices + + In the multivariate case, the profile is defined as the number of + coincidences for each spike in the set of spike trains divided by the + number of spike trains pairs involving the spike train of containing this + spike, which is the number of spike trains minus one (N-1). + + :returns: The spike-sync profile :math:`S_{sync}(t)`. + :rtype: :class:`pyspike.function.DiscreteFunction` + """ + if len(args) == 1: + return spike_sync_profile_multi(args[0], **kwargs) + elif len(args) == 2: + return spike_sync_profile_bi(args[0], args[1], **kwargs) + else: + return spike_sync_profile_multi(args, **kwargs) + + +############################################################ +# spike_sync_profile_bi +############################################################ +def spike_sync_profile_bi(spike_train1, spike_train2, max_tau=None): + """ Specific function to compute a bivariate SPIKE-Sync-profile. This is a + deprecated function and should not be called directly. Use + :func:`.spike_sync_profile` to compute SPIKE-Sync-profiles. + + :param spike_train1: First spike train. + :type spike_train1: :class:`pyspike.SpikeTrain` + :param spike_train2: Second spike train. + :type spike_train2: :class:`pyspike.SpikeTrain` + :param max_tau: Maximum coincidence window size. If 0 or `None`, the + coincidence window has no upper bound. + :returns: The spike-sync profile :math:`S_{sync}(t)`. + :rtype: :class:`pyspike.function.DiscreteFunction` + + """ + # check whether the spike trains are defined for the same interval + assert spike_train1.t_start == spike_train2.t_start, \ + "Given spike trains are not defined on the same interval!" + assert spike_train1.t_end == spike_train2.t_end, \ + "Given spike trains are not defined on the same interval!" + + # cython implementation + try: + from .cython.cython_profiles import coincidence_profile_cython \ + as coincidence_profile_impl + except ImportError: + if not(pyspike.disable_backend_warning): + print("Warning: spike_distance_cython not found. Make sure that \ +PySpike is installed by running\n 'python setup.py build_ext --inplace'!\n \ +Falling back to slow python backend.") + # use python backend + from .cython.python_backend import coincidence_python \ + as coincidence_profile_impl + + if max_tau is None: + max_tau = 0.0 + + times, coincidences, multiplicity \ + = coincidence_profile_impl(spike_train1.spikes, spike_train2.spikes, + spike_train1.t_start, spike_train1.t_end, + max_tau) + + return DiscreteFunc(times, coincidences, multiplicity) + + +############################################################ +# spike_sync_profile_multi +############################################################ +def spike_sync_profile_multi(spike_trains, indices=None, max_tau=None): + """ Specific function to compute a multivariate SPIKE-Sync-profile. + This is a deprecated function and should not be called directly. Use + :func:`.spike_sync_profile` to compute SPIKE-Sync-profiles. + + :param spike_trains: list of :class:`pyspike.SpikeTrain` + :param indices: list of indices defining which spike trains to use, + if None all given spike trains are used (default=None) + :type indices: list or None + :param max_tau: Maximum coincidence window size. If 0 or `None`, the + coincidence window has no upper bound. + :returns: The multi-variate spike sync profile :math:`<S_{sync}>(t)` + :rtype: :class:`pyspike.function.DiscreteFunction` + + """ + prof_func = partial(spike_sync_profile_bi, max_tau=max_tau) + average_prof, M = _generic_profile_multi(spike_trains, prof_func, + indices) + # average_dist.mul_scalar(1.0/M) # no normalization here! + return average_prof + + +############################################################ +# _spike_sync_values +############################################################ +def _spike_sync_values(spike_train1, spike_train2, interval, max_tau): + """" Internal function. Computes the summed coincidences and multiplicity + for spike synchronization of the two given spike trains. + + Do not call this function directly, use `spike_sync` or `spike_sync_multi` + instead. + """ + if interval is None: + # distance over the whole interval is requested: use specific function + # for optimal performance + try: + from .cython.cython_distances import coincidence_value_cython \ + as coincidence_value_impl + if max_tau is None: + max_tau = 0.0 + c, mp = coincidence_value_impl(spike_train1.spikes, + spike_train2.spikes, + spike_train1.t_start, + spike_train1.t_end, + max_tau) + return c, mp + except ImportError: + # Cython backend not available: fall back to profile averaging + return spike_sync_profile_bi(spike_train1, spike_train2, + max_tau).integral(interval) + else: + # some specific interval is provided: use profile + return spike_sync_profile_bi(spike_train1, spike_train2, + max_tau).integral(interval) + + +############################################################ +# spike_sync +############################################################ +def spike_sync(*args, **kwargs): + """ Computes the spike synchronization value SYNC of the given spike + trains. The spike synchronization value is the computed as the total number + of coincidences divided by the total number of spikes: + + .. math:: SYNC = \sum_n C_n / N. + + + Valid call structures:: + + spike_sync(st1, st2) # returns the bi-variate spike synchronization + spike_sync(st1, st2, st3) # multi-variate result for 3 spike trains + + spike_trains = [st1, st2, st3, st4] # list of spike trains + spike_sync(spike_trains) # spike-sync of the list of spike trains + spike_sync(spike_trains, indices=[0, 1]) # use only the spike trains + # given by the indices + + The multivariate SPIKE-Sync is again defined as the overall ratio of all + coincidence values divided by the total number of spikes. + + :returns: The spike synchronization value. + :rtype: `double` + """ + + if len(args) == 1: + return spike_sync_multi(args[0], **kwargs) + elif len(args) == 2: + return spike_sync_bi(args[0], args[1], **kwargs) + else: + return spike_sync_multi(args, **kwargs) + + +############################################################ +# spike_sync_bi +############################################################ +def spike_sync_bi(spike_train1, spike_train2, interval=None, max_tau=None): + """ Specific function to compute a bivariate SPIKE-Sync value. + This is a deprecated function and should not be called directly. Use + :func:`.spike_sync` to compute SPIKE-Sync values. + + :param spike_train1: First spike train. + :type spike_train1: :class:`pyspike.SpikeTrain` + :param spike_train2: Second spike train. + :type spike_train2: :class:`pyspike.SpikeTrain` + :param interval: averaging interval given as a pair of floats (T0, T1), + if `None` the average over the whole function is computed. + :type interval: Pair of floats or None. + :param max_tau: Maximum coincidence window size. If 0 or `None`, the + coincidence window has no upper bound. + :returns: The spike synchronization value. + :rtype: `double` + + """ + c, mp = _spike_sync_values(spike_train1, spike_train2, interval, max_tau) + if mp == 0: + return 1.0 + else: + return 1.0*c/mp + + +############################################################ +# spike_sync_multi +############################################################ +def spike_sync_multi(spike_trains, indices=None, interval=None, max_tau=None): + """ Specific function to compute a multivariate SPIKE-Sync value. + This is a deprecated function and should not be called directly. Use + :func:`.spike_sync` to compute SPIKE-Sync values. + + :param spike_trains: list of :class:`pyspike.SpikeTrain` + :param indices: list of indices defining which spike trains to use, + if None all given spike trains are used (default=None) + :type indices: list or None + :param interval: averaging interval given as a pair of floats, if None + the average over the whole function is computed. + :type interval: Pair of floats or None. + :param max_tau: Maximum coincidence window size. If 0 or `None`, the + coincidence window has no upper bound. + :returns: The multi-variate spike synchronization value SYNC. + :rtype: double + + """ + if indices is None: + indices = np.arange(len(spike_trains)) + indices = np.array(indices) + # check validity of indices + assert (indices < len(spike_trains)).all() and (indices >= 0).all(), \ + "Invalid index list." + # generate a list of possible index pairs + pairs = [(indices[i], j) for i in range(len(indices)) + for j in indices[i+1:]] + + coincidence = 0.0 + mp = 0.0 + for (i, j) in pairs: + c, m = _spike_sync_values(spike_trains[i], spike_trains[j], + interval, max_tau) + coincidence += c + mp += m + + if mp == 0.0: + return 1.0 + else: + return coincidence/mp + + +############################################################ +# spike_sync_matrix +############################################################ +def spike_sync_matrix(spike_trains, indices=None, interval=None, max_tau=None): + """ Computes the overall spike-synchronization value of all pairs of + spike-trains. + + :param spike_trains: list of :class:`pyspike.SpikeTrain` + :param indices: list of indices defining which spike trains to use, + if None all given spike trains are used (default=None) + :type indices: list or None + :param interval: averaging interval given as a pair of floats, if None + the average over the whole function is computed. + :type interval: Pair of floats or None. + :param max_tau: Maximum coincidence window size. If 0 or `None`, the + coincidence window has no upper bound. + :returns: 2D array with the pair wise time spike synchronization values + :math:`SYNC_{ij}` + :rtype: np.array + + """ + dist_func = partial(spike_sync_bi, max_tau=max_tau) + return _generic_distance_matrix(spike_trains, dist_func, + indices, interval) + + +############################################################ +# filter_by_spike_sync +############################################################ +def filter_by_spike_sync(spike_trains, threshold, indices=None, max_tau=None, + return_removed_spikes=False): + """ Removes the spikes with a multi-variate spike_sync value below + threshold. + """ + N = len(spike_trains) + filtered_spike_trains = [] + removed_spike_trains = [] + + # cython implementation + try: + from .cython.cython_profiles import coincidence_single_profile_cython \ + as coincidence_impl + except ImportError: + if not(pyspike.disable_backend_warning): + print("Warning: coincidence_single_profile_cython not found. Make \ +sure that PySpike is installed by running\n \ +'python setup.py build_ext --inplace'!\n \ +Falling back to slow python backend.") + # use python backend + from .cython.python_backend import coincidence_single_python \ + as coincidence_impl + + if max_tau is None: + max_tau = 0.0 + + for i, st in enumerate(spike_trains): + coincidences = np.zeros_like(st) + for j in range(N): + if i == j: + continue + coincidences += coincidence_impl(st.spikes, spike_trains[j].spikes, + st.t_start, st.t_end, max_tau) + filtered_spikes = st[coincidences > threshold*(N-1)] + filtered_spike_trains.append(SpikeTrain(filtered_spikes, + [st.t_start, st.t_end])) + if return_removed_spikes: + removed_spikes = st[coincidences <= threshold*(N-1)] + removed_spike_trains.append(SpikeTrain(removed_spikes, + [st.t_start, st.t_end])) + if return_removed_spikes: + return [filtered_spike_trains, removed_spike_trains] + else: + return filtered_spike_trains diff --git a/pyspike/spikes.py b/pyspike/spikes.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cf47043 --- /dev/null +++ b/pyspike/spikes.py @@ -0,0 +1,161 @@ +# Module containing several function to load and transform spike trains +# Copyright 2014, Mario Mulansky <mario.mulansky@gmx.net> +# Distributed under the BSD License + + +import numpy as np +from pyspike import SpikeTrain + + +############################################################ +# spike_train_from_string +############################################################ +def spike_train_from_string(s, edges, sep=' ', is_sorted=False): + """ Converts a string of times into a :class:`.SpikeTrain`. + + :param s: the string with (ordered) spike times. + :param edges: interval defining the edges of the spike train. + Given as a pair of floats (T0, T1) or a single float T1, + where T0=0 is assumed. + :param sep: The separator between the time numbers, default=' '. + :param is_sorted: if True, the spike times are not sorted after loading, + if False, spike times are sorted with `np.sort` + :returns: :class:`.SpikeTrain` + """ + return SpikeTrain(np.fromstring(s, sep=sep), edges, is_sorted) + + +############################################################ +# load_spike_trains_from_txt +############################################################ +def load_spike_trains_from_txt(file_name, edges, + separator=' ', comment='#', is_sorted=False, + ignore_empty_lines=True): + """ Loads a number of spike trains from a text file. Each line of the text + file should contain one spike train as a sequence of spike times separated + by `separator`. Empty lines as well as lines starting with `comment` are + neglected. The `edges` represents the start and the end of the + spike trains. + + :param file_name: The name of the text file. + :param edges: A pair (T_start, T_end) of values representing the + start and end time of the spike train measurement + or a single value representing the end time, the + T_start is then assuemd as 0. + :param separator: The character used to seprate the values in the text file + :param comment: Lines starting with this character are ignored. + :param sort: If true, the spike times are order via `np.sort`, default=True + :returns: list of :class:`.SpikeTrain` + """ + spike_trains = [] + with open(file_name, 'r') as spike_file: + for line in spike_file: + if not line.startswith(comment): # ignore comments + if len(line) > 1: + # ignore empty lines + spike_train = spike_train_from_string(line, edges, + separator, is_sorted) + spike_trains.append(spike_train) + elif not(ignore_empty_lines): + # add empty spike train + spike_trains.append(SpikeTrain([], edges)) + return spike_trains + + +def import_spike_trains_from_time_series(file_name, start_time, time_bin, + separator=None, comment='#'): + """ Imports spike trains from time series consisting of 0 and 1 denoting + the absence or presence of a spike. Each line in the data file represents + one spike train. + + :param file_name: The name of the data file containing the time series. + :param edges: A pair (T_start, T_end) of values representing the + start and end time of the spike train measurement + or a single value representing the end time, the + T_start is then assuemd as 0. + :param separator: The character used to seprate the values in the text file + :param comment: Lines starting with this character are ignored. + + """ + data = np.loadtxt(file_name, comments=comment, delimiter=separator) + time_points = start_time + time_bin + np.arange(len(data[0, :]))*time_bin + spike_trains = [] + for time_series in data: + spike_trains.append(SpikeTrain(time_points[time_series > 0], + edges=[start_time, + time_points[-1]])) + return spike_trains + + +############################################################ +# save_spike_trains_to_txt +############################################################ +def save_spike_trains_to_txt(spike_trains, file_name, + separator=' ', precision=8): + """ Saves the given spike trains into a file with the given file name. + Each spike train will be stored in one line in the text file with the times + separated by `separator`. + + :param spike_trains: List of :class:`.SpikeTrain` objects + :param file_name: The name of the text file. + """ + # format string to print the spike times with given precision + format_str = "{0:.%de}" % precision + with open(file_name, 'w') as spike_file: + for st in spike_trains: + s = separator.join(map(format_str.format, st.spikes)) + spike_file.write(s+'\n') + + +############################################################ +# merge_spike_trains +############################################################ +def merge_spike_trains(spike_trains): + """ Merges a number of spike trains into a single spike train. + + :param spike_trains: list of :class:`.SpikeTrain` + :returns: spike train with the merged spike times + """ + # concatenating and sorting with numpy is fast, it also means we can handle + # empty spike trains + merged_spikes = np.concatenate([st.spikes for st in spike_trains]) + merged_spikes.sort() + return SpikeTrain(merged_spikes, [spike_trains[0].t_start, + spike_trains[0].t_end]) + + +############################################################ +# generate_poisson_spikes +############################################################ +def generate_poisson_spikes(rate, interval): + """ Generates a Poisson spike train with the given rate in the given time + interval + + :param rate: The rate of the spike trains + :param interval: A pair (T_start, T_end) of values representing the + start and end time of the spike train measurement or + a single value representing the end time, the T_start + is then assuemd as 0. Auxiliary spikes will be added + to the spike train at the beginning and end of this + interval, if they are not yet present. + :type interval: pair of doubles or double + :returns: Poisson spike train as a :class:`.SpikeTrain` + """ + try: + T_start = interval[0] + T_end = interval[1] + except: + T_start = 0 + T_end = interval + # roughly how many spikes are required to fill the interval + N = max(1, int(1.2 * rate * (T_end-T_start))) + N_append = max(1, int(0.1 * rate * (T_end-T_start))) + intervals = np.random.exponential(1.0/rate, N) + # make sure we have enough spikes + while T_start + sum(intervals) < T_end: + # print T_start + sum(intervals) + intervals = np.append(intervals, + np.random.exponential(1.0/rate, N_append)) + spikes = T_start + np.cumsum(intervals) + spikes = spikes[spikes < T_end] + return SpikeTrain(spikes, interval) diff --git a/setup.cfg b/setup.cfg new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2aee194 --- /dev/null +++ b/setup.cfg @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +[metadata] +description-file = Readme.rst diff --git a/setup.py b/setup.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b5b01a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/setup.py @@ -0,0 +1,116 @@ +""" setup.py + +to compile cython files: +python setup.py build_ext --inplace + + +Copyright 2014-2017, Mario Mulansky <mario.mulansky@gmx.net> + +Distributed under the BSD License + +""" +from setuptools import setup, find_packages +from distutils.extension import Extension +import os.path + +try: + from Cython.Distutils import build_ext +except ImportError: + use_cython = False +else: + use_cython = True + + +class numpy_include(object): + """Defers import of numpy until install_requires is through""" + def __str__(self): + import numpy + return numpy.get_include() + + +if os.path.isfile("pyspike/cython/cython_add.c") and \ + os.path.isfile("pyspike/cython/cython_profiles.c") and \ + os.path.isfile("pyspike/cython/cython_distances.c") and \ + os.path.isfile("pyspike/cython/cython_directionality.c") and \ + os.path.isfile("pyspike/cython/cython_simulated_annealing.c"): + use_c = True +else: + use_c = False + +cmdclass = {} +ext_modules = [] + +if use_cython: # Cython is available, compile .pyx -> .c + ext_modules += [ + Extension("pyspike.cython.cython_add", + ["pyspike/cython/cython_add.pyx"]), + Extension("pyspike.cython.cython_profiles", + ["pyspike/cython/cython_profiles.pyx"]), + Extension("pyspike.cython.cython_distances", + ["pyspike/cython/cython_distances.pyx"]), + Extension("pyspike.cython.cython_directionality", + ["pyspike/cython/cython_directionality.pyx"]), + Extension("pyspike.cython.cython_simulated_annealing", + ["pyspike/cython/cython_simulated_annealing.pyx"]) + ] + cmdclass.update({'build_ext': build_ext}) +elif use_c: # c files are there, compile to binaries + ext_modules += [ + Extension("pyspike.cython.cython_add", + ["pyspike/cython/cython_add.c"]), + Extension("pyspike.cython.cython_profiles", + ["pyspike/cython/cython_profiles.c"]), + Extension("pyspike.cython.cython_distances", + ["pyspike/cython/cython_distances.c"]), + Extension("pyspike.cython.cython_directionality", + ["pyspike/cython/cython_directionality.c"]), + Extension("pyspike.cython.cython_simulated_annealing", + ["pyspike/cython/cython_simulated_annealing.c"]) + ] +# neither cython nor c files available -> automatic fall-back to python backend + +setup( + name='pyspike', + packages=find_packages(exclude=['doc']), + version='0.6.0', + cmdclass=cmdclass, + ext_modules=ext_modules, + include_dirs=[numpy_include()], + description='A Python library for the numerical analysis of spike\ +train similarity', + author='Mario Mulansky', + author_email='mario.mulansky@gmx.net', + license='BSD', + url='https://github.com/mariomulansky/PySpike', + install_requires=['numpy'], + keywords=['data analysis', 'spike', 'neuroscience'], # arbitrary keywords + classifiers=[ + # How mature is this project? Common values are + # 3 - Alpha + # 4 - Beta + # 5 - Production/Stable + 'Development Status :: 4 - Beta', + + # Indicate who your project is intended for + 'Intended Audience :: Science/Research', + 'Topic :: Scientific/Engineering', + 'Topic :: Scientific/Engineering :: Information Analysis', + + 'License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License', + + 'Programming Language :: Python :: 2', + 'Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7', + 'Programming Language :: Python :: 3', + 'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.3', + 'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.4', + 'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.5', + 'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.6' + ], + package_data={ + 'pyspike': ['cython/cython_add.c', 'cython/cython_profiles.c', + 'cython/cython_distances.c', + 'cython/cython_directionality.c', + 'cython/cython_simulated_annealing.c'], + 'test': ['Spike_testdata.txt'] + } +) diff --git a/test/PySpike_testdata.txt b/test/PySpike_testdata.txt new file mode 100755 index 0000000..c8bea67 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/PySpike_testdata.txt @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +64.886 305.81 696 937.77 1059.7 1322.2 1576.1 1808.1 2121.5 2381.1 2728.6 2966.9 3223.7 3473.7 3644.3 3936.3 +65.553 307.49 696.63 948.66 1070.4 1312.2 1712.7 1934.3 2117.6 2356.9 2727.3 2980.6 3226.9 3475.7 3726.4 3944 +# test comment +69.064 319.1 688.32 947.85 1071.8 1300.8 1697.2 1930.6 2139.4 2354.2 2723.7 2963.6 3221.3 3470.1 +59.955 313.83 692.23 955.95 1070.4 1319.6 1681.9 1963.5 2151.4 2373.8 2729.4 2971.2 3220.2 3475.5 3632.3 3788.9 +# empty line + +59.977 306.84 686.09 935.08 1059.9 1325.9 1543.4 1821.9 2150.2 2390.4 2724.5 2969.6 3222.5 3471.5 3576 3913.9 +66.415 313.41 688.83 931.43 1051.8 1304.6 1555.6 1820.2 2150.5 2383.1 2723.4 2947.7 3196.6 3443.5 3575 3804.9 +66.449 311.02 689.26 947.12 1058.9 1286.6 1708.2 1957.3 2124.8 2375.7 2709.4 2977.6 3191.1 3449.6 3590.4 3831.2 +63.764 318.45 697.48 936.97 1059.3 1325 1687.9 1944.7 2132.5 2377.1 2713.1 2976.6 3196.8 3442.6 3741.6 3998.3 +63.906 314.79 693.26 937.12 1065.9 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1558.9 1808.3 2064.5 2337.1 2653.6 2897 3143.7 3385.7 3668.7 3803.8 +62.23 315.16 564.35 812.15 1199.6 1448.9 1562.7 1839.1 2069.7 2308.9 2649.6 2919.7 3141 3389.9 3723.6 3882.2 +69.662 311.93 564.91 805.25 1209.7 1451.4 1691.9 1932.1 2044.2 2329.4 2657.1 2908.5 3142.8 3390.5 3597.3 3991.1 +183.42 431.34 562.41 809.57 1086.3 1308.9 1555.9 1831.3 2057 2326.9 2591.3 2831.4 3113.9 3367.9 3555.3 3956 +188.49 442.39 572.4 810.76 1065 1326.7 1564.3 1803.4 2060.4 2322.4 2607.2 2824.1 3110.2 3363.9 3644.1 3819.6 +177 437.76 569.82 819.66 1064.1 1309.2 1685.7 1957.5 2066.9 2313.8 2593.2 2847 3116.8 3364.5 3727.3 3881.6 +193.9 441.93 586.9 804.98 1062.5 1312.4 1542.4 1793.1 2073.9 2314.7 2587.8 2845.9 3112.4 3359.8 +193.01 440.26 555.64 814.08 1056.3 1315 1689.9 1961.4 2049.1 2305 2593.9 2847.5 3110.6 3361.1 3711.6 3914.7 +194.71 437.57 566.18 806.73 1069.2 1314.6 1682.7 1942.2 2061.8 2304.6 2607.6 2841.7 3082.9 3330.3 3679.7 3848.2 +184.88 441.22 570.92 794.35 1063.7 1309.9 1678.7 1930 2058 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1431.000000 1473.000000 1498.000000 1561.000000 1615.000000 1782.000000 1925.000000 1979.000000 2149.000000 2293.000000 2490.000000 2676.000000 2932.000000 3117.000000 3315.000000 3502.000000 3690.000000 3900.000000 + diff --git a/test/numeric/regression_random_results_cSPIKY.mat b/test/numeric/regression_random_results_cSPIKY.mat Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..26f29ff --- /dev/null +++ b/test/numeric/regression_random_results_cSPIKY.mat diff --git a/test/numeric/regression_random_spikes.mat b/test/numeric/regression_random_spikes.mat Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..e5ebeb1 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/numeric/regression_random_spikes.mat diff --git a/test/numeric/test_regression_random_spikes.py b/test/numeric/test_regression_random_spikes.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..73d39a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/numeric/test_regression_random_spikes.py @@ -0,0 +1,138 @@ +""" regression benchmark + +Copyright 2015, Mario Mulansky <mario.mulansky@gmx.net> + +Distributed under the BSD License +""" +from __future__ import print_function + +import numpy as np +from scipy.io import loadmat +import pyspike as spk + +from numpy.testing import assert_almost_equal + +spk.disable_backend_warning = True + + +def test_regression_random(): + + spike_file = "test/numeric/regression_random_spikes.mat" + spikes_name = "spikes" + result_name = "Distances" + result_file = "test/numeric/regression_random_results_cSPIKY.mat" + + spike_train_sets = loadmat(spike_file)[spikes_name][0] + results_cSPIKY = loadmat(result_file)[result_name] + + for i, spike_train_data in enumerate(spike_train_sets): + spike_trains = [] + for spikes in spike_train_data[0]: + spike_trains.append(spk.SpikeTrain(spikes.flatten(), 100.0)) + + isi = spk.isi_distance_multi(spike_trains) + isi_prof = spk.isi_profile_multi(spike_trains).avrg() + + spike = spk.spike_distance_multi(spike_trains) + spike_prof = spk.spike_profile_multi(spike_trains).avrg() + + spike_sync = spk.spike_sync_multi(spike_trains) + spike_sync_prof = spk.spike_sync_profile_multi(spike_trains).avrg() + + assert_almost_equal(isi, results_cSPIKY[i][0], decimal=14, + err_msg="Index: %d, ISI" % i) + assert_almost_equal(isi_prof, results_cSPIKY[i][0], decimal=14, + err_msg="Index: %d, ISI" % i) + + assert_almost_equal(spike, results_cSPIKY[i][1], decimal=14, + err_msg="Index: %d, SPIKE" % i) + assert_almost_equal(spike_prof, results_cSPIKY[i][1], decimal=14, + err_msg="Index: %d, SPIKE" % i) + + assert_almost_equal(spike_sync, spike_sync_prof, decimal=14, + err_msg="Index: %d, SPIKE-Sync" % i) + + +def check_regression_dataset(spike_file="benchmark.mat", + spikes_name="spikes", + result_file="results_cSPIKY.mat", + result_name="Distances"): + """ Debuging function """ + np.set_printoptions(precision=15) + + spike_train_sets = loadmat(spike_file)[spikes_name][0] + + results_cSPIKY = loadmat(result_file)[result_name] + + err_max = 0.0 + err_max_ind = -1 + err_count = 0 + + for i, spike_train_data in enumerate(spike_train_sets): + spike_trains = [] + for spikes in spike_train_data[0]: + spike_trains.append(spk.SpikeTrain(spikes.flatten(), 100.0)) + + isi = spk.isi_distance_multi(spike_trains) + spike = spk.spike_distance_multi(spike_trains) + # spike_sync = spk.spike_sync_multi(spike_trains) + + if abs(isi - results_cSPIKY[i][0]) > 1E-14: + print("Error in ISI:", i, isi, results_cSPIKY[i][0]) + print("Spike trains:") + for st in spike_trains: + print(st.spikes) + + err = abs(spike - results_cSPIKY[i][1]) + if err > 1E-14: + err_count += 1 + if err > err_max: + err_max = err + err_max_ind = i + + print("Total Errors:", err_count) + + if err_max_ind > -1: + print("Max SPIKE distance error:", err_max, "at index:", err_max_ind) + spike_train_data = spike_train_sets[err_max_ind] + for spikes in spike_train_data[0]: + print(spikes.flatten()) + + +def check_single_spike_train_set(index): + """ Debuging function """ + np.set_printoptions(precision=15) + spike_file = "regression_random_spikes.mat" + spikes_name = "spikes" + result_name = "Distances" + result_file = "regression_random_results_cSPIKY.mat" + + spike_train_sets = loadmat(spike_file)[spikes_name][0] + + results_cSPIKY = loadmat(result_file)[result_name] + + spike_train_data = spike_train_sets[index] + + spike_trains = [] + N = 0 + for spikes in spike_train_data[0]: + N += len(spikes.flatten()) + print("Spikes:", len(spikes.flatten())) + spikes_array = spikes.flatten() + if len(spikes_array > 0) and (spikes_array[-1] > 100.0): + spikes_array[-1] = 100.0 + spike_trains.append(spk.SpikeTrain(spikes_array, 100.0)) + print(spike_trains[-1].spikes) + + print(N) + + print(spk.spike_sync_multi(spike_trains)) + + print(spk.spike_sync_profile_multi(spike_trains).integral()) + + +if __name__ == "__main__": + + # test_regression_random() + # check_regression_dataset() + check_single_spike_train_set(4) diff --git a/test/test_directionality.py b/test/test_directionality.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c2e9bfe --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test_directionality.py @@ -0,0 +1,97 @@ +""" test_directionality.py + +Tests the directionality functions + +Copyright 2015, Mario Mulansky <mario.mulansky@gmx.net> + +Distributed under the BSD License + +""" + +import numpy as np +from numpy.testing import assert_equal, assert_almost_equal, \ + assert_array_equal + +import pyspike as spk +from pyspike import SpikeTrain, DiscreteFunc + + +def test_spike_directionality(): + st1 = SpikeTrain([100, 200, 300], [0, 1000]) + st2 = SpikeTrain([105, 205, 300], [0, 1000]) + assert_almost_equal(spk.spike_directionality(st1, st2), 2.0/3.0) + assert_almost_equal(spk.spike_directionality(st1, st2, normalize=False), + 2.0) + + # exchange order of spike trains should give exact negative profile + assert_almost_equal(spk.spike_directionality(st2, st1), -2.0/3.0) + assert_almost_equal(spk.spike_directionality(st2, st1, normalize=False), + -2.0) + + st3 = SpikeTrain([105, 195, 500], [0, 1000]) + assert_almost_equal(spk.spike_directionality(st1, st3), 0.0) + assert_almost_equal(spk.spike_directionality(st1, st3, normalize=False), + 0.0) + assert_almost_equal(spk.spike_directionality(st3, st1), 0.0) + + D = spk.spike_directionality_matrix([st1, st2, st3], normalize=False) + D_expected = np.array([[0, 2.0, 0.0], [-2.0, 0.0, -1.0], [0.0, 1.0, 0.0]]) + assert_array_equal(D, D_expected) + + dir_profs = spk.spike_directionality_values([st1, st2, st3]) + assert_array_equal(dir_profs[0], [1.0, 0.0, 0.0]) + assert_array_equal(dir_profs[1], [-0.5, -1.0, 0.0]) + + +def test_spike_train_order(): + st1 = SpikeTrain([100, 200, 300], [0, 1000]) + st2 = SpikeTrain([105, 205, 300], [0, 1000]) + st3 = SpikeTrain([105, 195, 500], [0, 1000]) + + expected_x12 = np.array([0, 100, 105, 200, 205, 300, 1000]) + expected_y12 = np.array([1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0]) + expected_mp12 = np.array([1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2]) + + f = spk.spike_train_order_profile(st1, st2) + + assert f.almost_equal(DiscreteFunc(expected_x12, expected_y12, + expected_mp12)) + assert_almost_equal(f.avrg(), 2.0/3.0) + assert_almost_equal(f.avrg(normalize=False), 4.0) + assert_almost_equal(spk.spike_train_order(st1, st2), 2.0/3.0) + assert_almost_equal(spk.spike_train_order(st1, st2, normalize=False), 4.0) + + expected_x23 = np.array([0, 105, 195, 205, 300, 500, 1000]) + expected_y23 = np.array([0, 0, -1, -1, 0, 0, 0]) + expected_mp23 = np.array([2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]) + + f = spk.spike_train_order_profile(st2, st3) + + assert_array_equal(f.x, expected_x23) + assert_array_equal(f.y, expected_y23) + assert_array_equal(f.mp, expected_mp23) + assert f.almost_equal(DiscreteFunc(expected_x23, expected_y23, + expected_mp23)) + assert_almost_equal(f.avrg(), -1.0/3.0) + assert_almost_equal(f.avrg(normalize=False), -2.0) + assert_almost_equal(spk.spike_train_order(st2, st3), -1.0/3.0) + assert_almost_equal(spk.spike_train_order(st2, st3, normalize=False), -2.0) + + f = spk.spike_train_order_profile_multi([st1, st2, st3]) + + expected_x = np.array([0, 100, 105, 195, 200, 205, 300, 500, 1000]) + expected_y = np.array([2, 2, 2, -2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]) + expected_mp = np.array([2, 2, 4, 2, 2, 2, 4, 2, 2]) + + assert_array_equal(f.x, expected_x) + assert_array_equal(f.y, expected_y) + assert_array_equal(f.mp, expected_mp) + + # Averaging the profile should be the same as computing the synfire indicator directly. + assert_almost_equal(f.avrg(), spk.spike_train_order([st1, st2, st3])) + + # We can also compute the synfire indicator from the Directionality Matrix: + D_matrix = spk.spike_directionality_matrix([st1, st2, st3], normalize=False) + num_spikes = np.sum(len(st) for st in [st1, st2, st3]) + syn_fire = np.sum(np.triu(D_matrix)) / num_spikes + assert_almost_equal(f.avrg(), syn_fire) diff --git a/test/test_distance.py b/test/test_distance.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fe09f34 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test_distance.py @@ -0,0 +1,477 @@ +""" test_distance.py + +Tests the isi- and spike-distance computation + +Copyright 2014, Mario Mulansky <mario.mulansky@gmx.net> + +Distributed under the BSD License + +""" + +from __future__ import print_function +import numpy as np +from copy import copy +from numpy.testing import assert_equal, assert_almost_equal, \ + assert_array_almost_equal + +import pyspike as spk +from pyspike import SpikeTrain + +import os +TEST_PATH = os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__)) + + +def test_isi(): + # generate two spike trains: + t1 = SpikeTrain([0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.7], 1.0) + t2 = SpikeTrain([0.3, 0.45, 0.8, 0.9, 0.95], 1.0) + + # pen&paper calculation of the isi distance + expected_times = [0.0, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.45, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 0.95, 1.0] + expected_isi = [0.1/0.3, 0.1/0.3, 0.05/0.2, 0.05/0.2, 0.15/0.35, + 0.25/0.35, 0.05/0.35, 0.2/0.3, 0.25/0.3, 0.25/0.3] + expected_times = np.array(expected_times) + expected_isi = np.array(expected_isi) + + expected_isi_val = sum((expected_times[1:] - expected_times[:-1]) * + expected_isi)/(expected_times[-1]-expected_times[0]) + + f = spk.isi_profile(t1, t2) + + # print("ISI: ", f.y) + print("ISI value:", expected_isi_val) + + assert_equal(f.x, expected_times) + assert_array_almost_equal(f.y, expected_isi, decimal=15) + assert_equal(f.avrg(), expected_isi_val) + assert_equal(spk.isi_distance(t1, t2), expected_isi_val) + + # check with some equal spike times + t1 = SpikeTrain([0.2, 0.4, 0.6], [0.0, 1.0]) + t2 = SpikeTrain([0.1, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6], [0.0, 1.0]) + + expected_times = [0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 1.0] + expected_isi = [0.1/0.3, 0.1/0.3, 0.1/0.3, 0.1/0.2, 0.1/0.2, 0.0/0.5] + expected_times = np.array(expected_times) + expected_isi = np.array(expected_isi) + + expected_isi_val = sum((expected_times[1:] - expected_times[:-1]) * + expected_isi)/(expected_times[-1]-expected_times[0]) + + f = spk.isi_profile(t1, t2) + + assert_equal(f.x, expected_times) + assert_array_almost_equal(f.y, expected_isi, decimal=15) + assert_equal(f.avrg(), expected_isi_val) + assert_equal(spk.isi_distance(t1, t2), expected_isi_val) + + +def test_spike(): + # generate two spike trains: + t1 = SpikeTrain([0.0, 2.0, 5.0, 8.0], 10.0) + t2 = SpikeTrain([0.0, 1.0, 5.0, 9.0], 10.0) + + expected_times = np.array([0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 5.0, 8.0, 9.0, 10.0]) + + f = spk.spike_profile(t1, t2) + + assert_equal(f.x, expected_times) + + # from SPIKY: + y_all = np.array([0.000000000000000000, 0.555555555555555580, + 0.222222222222222210, 0.305555555555555580, + 0.255102040816326536, 0.000000000000000000, + 0.000000000000000000, 0.255102040816326536, + 0.255102040816326536, 0.285714285714285698, + 0.285714285714285698, 0.285714285714285698]) + + #assert_array_almost_equal(f.y1, y_all[::2]) + assert_array_almost_equal(f.y2, y_all[1::2]) + + assert_almost_equal(f.avrg(), 0.186309523809523814, decimal=15) + assert_equal(spk.spike_distance(t1, t2), f.avrg()) + + t1 = SpikeTrain([0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.7], 1.0) + t2 = SpikeTrain([0.3, 0.45, 0.8, 0.9, 0.95], 1.0) + + # pen&paper calculation of the spike distance + expected_times = [0.0, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.45, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 0.95, 1.0] + s1 = np.array([0.1, 0.1, (0.1*0.1+0.05*0.1)/0.2, 0.05, (0.05*0.15 * 2)/0.2, + 0.15, 0.1, (0.1*0.1+0.1*0.2)/0.3, (0.1*0.2+0.1*0.1)/0.3, + (0.1*0.05+0.1*0.25)/0.3, 0.1]) + s2 = np.array([0.1, (0.1*0.2+0.1*0.1)/0.3, 0.1, (0.1*0.05 * 2)/.15, 0.05, + (0.05*0.2+0.1*0.15)/0.35, (0.05*0.1+0.1*0.25)/0.35, + 0.1, 0.1, 0.05, 0.05]) + isi1 = np.array([0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.1, 0.3, 0.3, 0.3, 0.3]) + isi2 = np.array([0.3, 0.3, 0.15, 0.15, 0.35, 0.35, 0.35, 0.1, 0.05, 0.05]) + expected_y1 = (s1[:-1]*isi2+s2[:-1]*isi1) / (0.5*(isi1+isi2)**2) + expected_y2 = (s1[1:]*isi2+s2[1:]*isi1) / (0.5*(isi1+isi2)**2) + + expected_times = np.array(expected_times) + expected_y1 = np.array(expected_y1) + expected_y2 = np.array(expected_y2) + expected_spike_val = sum((expected_times[1:] - expected_times[:-1]) * + (expected_y1+expected_y2)/2) + expected_spike_val /= (expected_times[-1]-expected_times[0]) + + print("SPIKE value:", expected_spike_val) + + f = spk.spike_profile(t1, t2) + + assert_equal(f.x, expected_times) + assert_array_almost_equal(f.y1, expected_y1, decimal=15) + assert_array_almost_equal(f.y2, expected_y2, decimal=15) + assert_almost_equal(f.avrg(), expected_spike_val, decimal=15) + assert_almost_equal(spk.spike_distance(t1, t2), expected_spike_val, + decimal=15) + + # check with some equal spike times + t1 = SpikeTrain([0.2, 0.4, 0.6], [0.0, 1.0]) + t2 = SpikeTrain([0.1, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6], [0.0, 1.0]) + + expected_times = [0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 1.0] + # due to the edge correction in the beginning, s1 and s2 are different + # for left and right values + s1_r = np.array([0.1, (0.1*0.1+0.1*0.1)/0.2, 0.1, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0]) + s1_l = np.array([0.1, (0.1*0.1+0.1*0.1)/0.2, 0.1, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0]) + # s2_r = np.array([0.1*0.1/0.3, 0.1*0.3/0.3, 0.1*0.2/0.3, + # 0.0, 0.1, 0.0, 0.0]) + # s2_l = np.array([0.1*0.1/0.3, 0.1*0.1/0.3, 0.1*0.2/0.3, 0.0, + # 0.1, 0.0, 0.0]) + # eero's edge correction: + s2_r = np.array([0.1, 0.1*0.3/0.3, 0.1*0.2/0.3, + 0.0, 0.1, 0.0, 0.0]) + s2_l = np.array([0.1, 0.1*0.3/0.3, 0.1*0.2/0.3, 0.0, + 0.1, 0.0, 0.0]) + isi1 = np.array([0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.4]) + isi2 = np.array([0.3, 0.3, 0.3, 0.1, 0.1, 0.4]) + expected_y1 = (s1_r[:-1]*isi2+s2_r[:-1]*isi1) / (0.5*(isi1+isi2)**2) + expected_y2 = (s1_l[1:]*isi2+s2_l[1:]*isi1) / (0.5*(isi1+isi2)**2) + + expected_times = np.array(expected_times) + expected_y1 = np.array(expected_y1) + expected_y2 = np.array(expected_y2) + expected_spike_val = sum((expected_times[1:] - expected_times[:-1]) * + (expected_y1+expected_y2)/2) + expected_spike_val /= (expected_times[-1]-expected_times[0]) + + f = spk.spike_profile(t1, t2) + + assert_equal(f.x, expected_times) + assert_array_almost_equal(f.y1, expected_y1, decimal=14) + assert_array_almost_equal(f.y2, expected_y2, decimal=14) + assert_almost_equal(f.avrg(), expected_spike_val, decimal=16) + assert_almost_equal(spk.spike_distance(t1, t2), expected_spike_val, + decimal=16) + + +def test_spike_sync(): + spikes1 = SpikeTrain([1.0, 2.0, 3.0], 4.0) + spikes2 = SpikeTrain([2.1], 4.0) + + expected_x = np.array([0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 2.1, 3.0, 4.0]) + expected_y = np.array([0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0]) + + f = spk.spike_sync_profile(spikes1, spikes2) + + assert_array_almost_equal(f.x, expected_x, decimal=16) + assert_array_almost_equal(f.y, expected_y, decimal=16) + + assert_almost_equal(spk.spike_sync(spikes1, spikes2), + 0.5, decimal=16) + + # test with some small max_tau, spike_sync should be 0 + assert_almost_equal(spk.spike_sync(spikes1, spikes2, max_tau=0.05), + 0.0, decimal=16) + + spikes2 = SpikeTrain([3.1], 4.0) + assert_almost_equal(spk.spike_sync(spikes1, spikes2), + 0.5, decimal=16) + + spikes2 = SpikeTrain([1.1], 4.0) + + expected_x = np.array([0.0, 1.0, 1.1, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0]) + expected_y = np.array([1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0]) + + f = spk.spike_sync_profile(spikes1, spikes2) + + assert_array_almost_equal(f.x, expected_x, decimal=16) + assert_array_almost_equal(f.y, expected_y, decimal=16) + + assert_almost_equal(spk.spike_sync(spikes1, spikes2), + 0.5, decimal=16) + + spikes2 = SpikeTrain([0.9], 4.0) + assert_almost_equal(spk.spike_sync(spikes1, spikes2), + 0.5, decimal=16) + + spikes2 = SpikeTrain([3.0], 4.0) + assert_almost_equal(spk.spike_sync(spikes1, spikes2), + 0.5, decimal=16) + + spikes2 = SpikeTrain([1.0], 4.0) + assert_almost_equal(spk.spike_sync(spikes1, spikes2), + 0.5, decimal=16) + + spikes2 = SpikeTrain([1.5, 3.0], 4.0) + assert_almost_equal(spk.spike_sync(spikes1, spikes2), + 0.4, decimal=16) + + spikes1 = SpikeTrain([1.0, 2.0, 4.0], 4.0) + spikes2 = SpikeTrain([3.8], 4.0) + spikes3 = SpikeTrain([3.9, ], 4.0) + + expected_x = np.array([0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.8, 4.0, 4.0]) + expected_y = np.array([0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0]) + + f = spk.spike_sync_profile(spikes1, spikes2) + + assert_array_almost_equal(f.x, expected_x, decimal=16) + assert_array_almost_equal(f.y, expected_y, decimal=16) + + f2 = spk.spike_sync_profile(spikes2, spikes3) + + i1 = f.integral() + i2 = f2.integral() + f.add(f2) + i12 = f.integral() + + assert_equal(i1[0]+i2[0], i12[0]) + assert_equal(i1[1]+i2[1], i12[1]) + + +def check_multi_profile(profile_func, profile_func_multi, dist_func_multi): + # generate spike trains: + t1 = SpikeTrain([0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.7], 1.0) + t2 = SpikeTrain([0.3, 0.45, 0.8, 0.9, 0.95], 1.0) + t3 = SpikeTrain([0.2, 0.4, 0.6], 1.0) + t4 = SpikeTrain([0.1, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6], 1.0) + spike_trains = [t1, t2, t3, t4] + + f12 = profile_func(t1, t2) + f13 = profile_func(t1, t3) + f14 = profile_func(t1, t4) + f23 = profile_func(t2, t3) + f24 = profile_func(t2, t4) + f34 = profile_func(t3, t4) + + f_multi = profile_func_multi(spike_trains, [0, 1]) + assert f_multi.almost_equal(f12, decimal=14) + d = dist_func_multi(spike_trains, [0, 1]) + assert_equal(f_multi.avrg(), d) + + f_multi1 = profile_func_multi(spike_trains, [1, 2, 3]) + f_multi2 = profile_func_multi(spike_trains[1:]) + assert f_multi1.almost_equal(f_multi2, decimal=14) + d = dist_func_multi(spike_trains, [1, 2, 3]) + assert_almost_equal(f_multi1.avrg(), d, decimal=14) + + f = copy(f12) + f.add(f13) + f.add(f23) + f.mul_scalar(1.0/3) + f_multi = profile_func_multi(spike_trains, [0, 1, 2]) + assert f_multi.almost_equal(f, decimal=14) + d = dist_func_multi(spike_trains, [0, 1, 2]) + assert_almost_equal(f_multi.avrg(), d, decimal=14) + + f.mul_scalar(3) # revert above normalization + f.add(f14) + f.add(f24) + f.add(f34) + f.mul_scalar(1.0/6) + f_multi = profile_func_multi(spike_trains) + assert f_multi.almost_equal(f, decimal=14) + + +def test_multi_isi(): + check_multi_profile(spk.isi_profile, spk.isi_profile_multi, + spk.isi_distance_multi) + + +def test_multi_spike(): + check_multi_profile(spk.spike_profile, spk.spike_profile_multi, + spk.spike_distance_multi) + + +def test_multi_spike_sync(): + # some basic multivariate check + spikes1 = SpikeTrain([100, 300, 400, 405, 410, 500, 700, 800, + 805, 810, 815, 900], 1000) + spikes2 = SpikeTrain([100, 200, 205, 210, 295, 350, 400, 510, + 600, 605, 700, 910], 1000) + spikes3 = SpikeTrain([100, 180, 198, 295, 412, 420, 510, 640, + 695, 795, 820, 920], 1000) + assert_almost_equal(spk.spike_sync(spikes1, spikes2), + 0.5, decimal=15) + assert_almost_equal(spk.spike_sync(spikes1, spikes3), + 0.5, decimal=15) + assert_almost_equal(spk.spike_sync(spikes2, spikes3), + 0.5, decimal=15) + + f = spk.spike_sync_profile_multi([spikes1, spikes2, spikes3]) + # hands on definition of the average multivariate spike synchronization + # expected = (f1.integral() + f2.integral() + f3.integral()) / \ + # (np.sum(f1.mp[1:-1])+np.sum(f2.mp[1:-1])+np.sum(f3.mp[1:-1])) + expected = 0.5 + assert_almost_equal(f.avrg(), expected, decimal=15) + assert_almost_equal(spk.spike_sync_multi([spikes1, spikes2, spikes3]), + expected, decimal=15) + + # multivariate regression test + spike_trains = spk.load_spike_trains_from_txt( + os.path.join(TEST_PATH, "SPIKE_Sync_Test.txt"), edges=[0, 4000]) + # extract all spike times + spike_times = np.array([]) + for st in spike_trains: + spike_times = np.append(spike_times, st.spikes) + spike_times = np.unique(np.sort(spike_times)) + + f = spk.spike_sync_profile_multi(spike_trains) + + assert_equal(spike_times, f.x[1:-1]) + assert_equal(len(f.x), len(f.y)) + + assert_equal(np.sum(f.y[1:-1]), 39932) + assert_equal(np.sum(f.mp[1:-1]), 85554) + + # example with 2 empty spike trains + sts = [] + sts.append(SpikeTrain([1, 9], [0, 10])) + sts.append(SpikeTrain([1, 3], [0, 10])) + sts.append(SpikeTrain([], [0, 10])) + sts.append(SpikeTrain([], [0, 10])) + + assert_almost_equal(spk.spike_sync_multi(sts), 1.0/6.0, decimal=15) + assert_almost_equal(spk.spike_sync_profile_multi(sts).avrg(), 1.0/6.0, + decimal=15) + + +def check_dist_matrix(dist_func, dist_matrix_func): + # generate spike trains: + t1 = SpikeTrain([0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.7], 1.0) + t2 = SpikeTrain([0.3, 0.45, 0.8, 0.9, 0.95], 1.0) + t3 = SpikeTrain([0.2, 0.4, 0.6], 1.0) + t4 = SpikeTrain([0.1, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6], 1.0) + spike_trains = [t1, t2, t3, t4] + + f12 = dist_func(t1, t2) + f13 = dist_func(t1, t3) + f14 = dist_func(t1, t4) + f23 = dist_func(t2, t3) + f24 = dist_func(t2, t4) + f34 = dist_func(t3, t4) + + f_matrix = dist_matrix_func(spike_trains) + # check zero diagonal + for i in range(4): + assert_equal(0.0, f_matrix[i, i]) + for i in range(4): + for j in range(i+1, 4): + assert_equal(f_matrix[i, j], f_matrix[j, i]) + assert_equal(f12, f_matrix[1, 0]) + assert_equal(f13, f_matrix[2, 0]) + assert_equal(f14, f_matrix[3, 0]) + assert_equal(f23, f_matrix[2, 1]) + assert_equal(f24, f_matrix[3, 1]) + assert_equal(f34, f_matrix[3, 2]) + + +def test_isi_matrix(): + check_dist_matrix(spk.isi_distance, spk.isi_distance_matrix) + + +def test_spike_matrix(): + check_dist_matrix(spk.spike_distance, spk.spike_distance_matrix) + + +def test_spike_sync_matrix(): + check_dist_matrix(spk.spike_sync, spk.spike_sync_matrix) + + +def test_regression_spiky(): + # standard example + st1 = SpikeTrain(np.arange(100, 1201, 100), 1300) + st2 = SpikeTrain(np.arange(100, 1201, 110), 1300) + + isi_dist = spk.isi_distance(st1, st2) + assert_almost_equal(isi_dist, 9.0909090909090939e-02, decimal=15) + isi_profile = spk.isi_profile(st1, st2) + assert_equal(isi_profile.y, 0.1/1.1 * np.ones_like(isi_profile.y)) + + spike_dist = spk.spike_distance(st1, st2) + assert_equal(spike_dist, 0.211058782487353908) + + spike_sync = spk.spike_sync(st1, st2) + assert_equal(spike_sync, 8.6956521739130432e-01) + + # multivariate check + + spike_trains = spk.load_spike_trains_from_txt( + os.path.join(TEST_PATH, "PySpike_testdata.txt"), (0.0, 4000.0)) + isi_dist = spk.isi_distance_multi(spike_trains) + # get the full precision from SPIKY + assert_almost_equal(isi_dist, 0.17051816816999129656, decimal=15) + + spike_profile = spk.spike_profile_multi(spike_trains) + assert_equal(len(spike_profile.y1)+len(spike_profile.y2), 1252) + + spike_dist = spk.spike_distance_multi(spike_trains) + # get the full precision from SPIKY + assert_almost_equal(spike_dist, 0.25188056475463755, decimal=15) + + spike_sync = spk.spike_sync_multi(spike_trains) + # get the full precision from SPIKY + assert_equal(spike_sync, 0.7183531505298066) + + # Eero's edge correction example + st1 = SpikeTrain([0.5, 1.5, 2.5], 6.0) + st2 = SpikeTrain([3.5, 4.5, 5.5], 6.0) + + f = spk.spike_profile(st1, st2) + + expected_times = np.array([0.0, 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, 5.5, 6.0]) + y_all = np.array([0.271604938271605, 0.271604938271605, 0.271604938271605, + 0.617283950617284, 0.617283950617284, 0.444444444444444, + 0.285714285714286, 0.285714285714286, 0.444444444444444, + 0.617283950617284, 0.617283950617284, 0.271604938271605, + 0.271604938271605, 0.271604938271605]) + expected_y1 = y_all[::2] + expected_y2 = y_all[1::2] + + assert_equal(f.x, expected_times) + assert_array_almost_equal(f.y1, expected_y1, decimal=14) + assert_array_almost_equal(f.y2, expected_y2, decimal=14) + + +def test_multi_variate_subsets(): + spike_trains = spk.load_spike_trains_from_txt( + os.path.join(TEST_PATH, "PySpike_testdata.txt"), (0.0, 4000.0)) + sub_set = [1, 3, 5, 7] + spike_trains_sub_set = [spike_trains[i] for i in sub_set] + + v1 = spk.isi_distance_multi(spike_trains_sub_set) + v2 = spk.isi_distance_multi(spike_trains, sub_set) + assert_equal(v1, v2) + + v1 = spk.spike_distance_multi(spike_trains_sub_set) + v2 = spk.spike_distance_multi(spike_trains, sub_set) + assert_equal(v1, v2) + + v1 = spk.spike_sync_multi(spike_trains_sub_set) + v2 = spk.spike_sync_multi(spike_trains, sub_set) + assert_equal(v1, v2) + + +if __name__ == "__main__": + test_isi() + test_spike() + test_spike_sync() + test_multi_isi() + test_multi_spike() + test_multi_spike_sync() + test_isi_matrix() + test_spike_matrix() + test_spike_sync_matrix() + test_regression_spiky() + test_multi_variate_subsets() diff --git a/test/test_empty.py b/test/test_empty.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4d0a5cf --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test_empty.py @@ -0,0 +1,163 @@ +""" test_empty.py + +Tests the distance measure for empty spike trains + +Copyright 2015, Mario Mulansky <mario.mulansky@gmx.net> + +Distributed under the BSD License + +""" + +from __future__ import print_function +import numpy as np +from numpy.testing import assert_equal, assert_almost_equal, \ + assert_array_equal, assert_array_almost_equal + +import pyspike as spk +from pyspike import SpikeTrain + + +def test_get_non_empty(): + st = SpikeTrain([], edges=(0.0, 1.0)) + spikes = st.get_spikes_non_empty() + assert_array_equal(spikes, [0.0, 1.0]) + + st = SpikeTrain([0.5, ], edges=(0.0, 1.0)) + spikes = st.get_spikes_non_empty() + # assert_array_equal(spikes, [0.0, 0.5, 1.0]) + # spike trains with one spike don't get edge spikes anymore + assert_array_equal(spikes, [0.5, ]) + + +def test_isi_empty(): + st1 = SpikeTrain([], edges=(0.0, 1.0)) + st2 = SpikeTrain([], edges=(0.0, 1.0)) + d = spk.isi_distance(st1, st2) + assert_equal(d, 0.0) + prof = spk.isi_profile(st1, st2) + assert_equal(d, prof.avrg()) + assert_array_equal(prof.x, [0.0, 1.0]) + assert_array_equal(prof.y, [0.0, ]) + + st1 = SpikeTrain([], edges=(0.0, 1.0)) + st2 = SpikeTrain([0.4, ], edges=(0.0, 1.0)) + d = spk.isi_distance(st1, st2) + assert_equal(d, 0.6*0.4+0.4*0.6) + prof = spk.isi_profile(st1, st2) + assert_equal(d, prof.avrg()) + assert_array_equal(prof.x, [0.0, 0.4, 1.0]) + assert_array_equal(prof.y, [0.6, 0.4]) + + st1 = SpikeTrain([0.6, ], edges=(0.0, 1.0)) + st2 = SpikeTrain([0.4, ], edges=(0.0, 1.0)) + d = spk.isi_distance(st1, st2) + assert_almost_equal(d, 0.2/0.6*0.4 + 0.0 + 0.2/0.6*0.4, decimal=15) + prof = spk.isi_profile(st1, st2) + assert_equal(d, prof.avrg()) + assert_array_almost_equal(prof.x, [0.0, 0.4, 0.6, 1.0], decimal=15) + assert_array_almost_equal(prof.y, [0.2/0.6, 0.0, 0.2/0.6], decimal=15) + + +def test_spike_empty(): + st1 = SpikeTrain([], edges=(0.0, 1.0)) + st2 = SpikeTrain([], edges=(0.0, 1.0)) + d = spk.spike_distance(st1, st2) + assert_equal(d, 0.0) + prof = spk.spike_profile(st1, st2) + assert_equal(d, prof.avrg()) + assert_array_equal(prof.x, [0.0, 1.0]) + assert_array_equal(prof.y1, [0.0, ]) + assert_array_equal(prof.y2, [0.0, ]) + + st1 = SpikeTrain([], edges=(0.0, 1.0)) + st2 = SpikeTrain([0.4, ], edges=(0.0, 1.0)) + d = spk.spike_distance(st1, st2) + d_expect = 2*0.4*0.4*1.0/(0.4+1.0)**2 + 2*0.6*0.4*1.0/(0.6+1.0)**2 + assert_almost_equal(d, d_expect, decimal=15) + prof = spk.spike_profile(st1, st2) + assert_equal(d, prof.avrg()) + assert_array_equal(prof.x, [0.0, 0.4, 1.0]) + assert_array_almost_equal(prof.y1, [2*0.4*1.0/(0.4+1.0)**2, + 2*0.4*1.0/(0.6+1.0)**2], + decimal=15) + assert_array_almost_equal(prof.y2, [2*0.4*1.0/(0.4+1.0)**2, + 2*0.4*1.0/(0.6+1.0)**2], + decimal=15) + + st1 = SpikeTrain([0.6, ], edges=(0.0, 1.0)) + st2 = SpikeTrain([0.4, ], edges=(0.0, 1.0)) + d = spk.spike_distance(st1, st2) + s1 = np.array([0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2]) + s2 = np.array([0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2]) + isi1 = np.array([0.6, 0.6, 0.4]) + isi2 = np.array([0.4, 0.6, 0.6]) + expected_y1 = (s1[:-1]*isi2+s2[:-1]*isi1) / (0.5*(isi1+isi2)**2) + expected_y2 = (s1[1:]*isi2+s2[1:]*isi1) / (0.5*(isi1+isi2)**2) + expected_times = np.array([0.0, 0.4, 0.6, 1.0]) + expected_spike_val = sum((expected_times[1:] - expected_times[:-1]) * + (expected_y1+expected_y2)/2) + expected_spike_val /= (expected_times[-1]-expected_times[0]) + + assert_almost_equal(d, expected_spike_val, decimal=15) + prof = spk.spike_profile(st1, st2) + assert_equal(d, prof.avrg()) + assert_array_almost_equal(prof.x, [0.0, 0.4, 0.6, 1.0], decimal=15) + assert_array_almost_equal(prof.y1, expected_y1, decimal=15) + assert_array_almost_equal(prof.y2, expected_y2, decimal=15) + + +def test_spike_sync_empty(): + st1 = SpikeTrain([], edges=(0.0, 1.0)) + st2 = SpikeTrain([], edges=(0.0, 1.0)) + d = spk.spike_sync(st1, st2) + assert_equal(d, 1.0) + prof = spk.spike_sync_profile(st1, st2) + assert_equal(d, prof.avrg()) + assert_array_equal(prof.x, [0.0, 1.0]) + assert_array_equal(prof.y, [1.0, 1.0]) + + st1 = SpikeTrain([], edges=(0.0, 1.0)) + st2 = SpikeTrain([0.4, ], edges=(0.0, 1.0)) + d = spk.spike_sync(st1, st2) + assert_equal(d, 0.0) + prof = spk.spike_sync_profile(st1, st2) + assert_equal(d, prof.avrg()) + assert_array_equal(prof.x, [0.0, 0.4, 1.0]) + assert_array_equal(prof.y, [0.0, 0.0, 0.0]) + + st1 = SpikeTrain([0.6, ], edges=(0.0, 1.0)) + st2 = SpikeTrain([0.4, ], edges=(0.0, 1.0)) + d = spk.spike_sync(st1, st2) + assert_almost_equal(d, 1.0, decimal=15) + prof = spk.spike_sync_profile(st1, st2) + assert_equal(d, prof.avrg()) + assert_array_almost_equal(prof.x, [0.0, 0.4, 0.6, 1.0], decimal=15) + assert_array_almost_equal(prof.y, [1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0], decimal=15) + + st1 = SpikeTrain([0.2, ], edges=(0.0, 1.0)) + st2 = SpikeTrain([0.8, ], edges=(0.0, 1.0)) + d = spk.spike_sync(st1, st2) + assert_almost_equal(d, 0.0, decimal=15) + prof = spk.spike_sync_profile(st1, st2) + assert_equal(d, prof.avrg()) + assert_array_almost_equal(prof.x, [0.0, 0.2, 0.8, 1.0], decimal=15) + assert_array_almost_equal(prof.y, [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0], decimal=15) + + # test with empty intervals + st1 = SpikeTrain([2.0, 5.0], [0, 10.0]) + st2 = SpikeTrain([2.1, 7.0], [0, 10.0]) + st3 = SpikeTrain([5.1, 6.0], [0, 10.0]) + res = spk.spike_sync_profile(st1, st2).avrg(interval=[3.0, 4.0]) + assert_equal(res, 1.0) + res = spk.spike_sync(st1, st2, interval=[3.0, 4.0]) + assert_equal(res, 1.0) + + sync_matrix = spk.spike_sync_matrix([st1, st2, st3], interval=[3.0, 4.0]) + assert_array_equal(sync_matrix, np.ones((3, 3)) - np.diag(np.ones(3))) + + +if __name__ == "__main__": + test_get_non_empty() + test_isi_empty() + test_spike_empty() + test_spike_sync_empty() diff --git a/test/test_function.py b/test/test_function.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6c04839 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test_function.py @@ -0,0 +1,344 @@ +""" test_function.py + +Tests the PieceWiseConst and PieceWiseLinear functions + +Copyright 2014, Mario Mulansky <mario.mulansky@gmx.net> + +Distributed under the BSD License +""" + +from __future__ import print_function +import numpy as np +from copy import copy +from nose.tools import raises +from numpy.testing import assert_equal, assert_almost_equal, \ + assert_array_equal, assert_array_almost_equal + +import pyspike as spk + + +def test_pwc(): + # some random data + x = [0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 2.5, 4.0] + y = [1.0, -0.5, 1.5, 0.75] + f = spk.PieceWiseConstFunc(x, y) + + # function values + assert_equal(f(0.0), 1.0) + assert_equal(f(0.5), 1.0) + assert_equal(f(1.0), 0.25) + assert_equal(f(2.0), 0.5) + assert_equal(f(2.25), 1.5) + assert_equal(f(2.5), 2.25/2) + assert_equal(f(3.5), 0.75) + assert_equal(f(4.0), 0.75) + + assert_array_equal(f([0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 2.25, 2.5, 3.5, 4.0]), + [1.0, 1.0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.5, 2.25/2, 0.75, 0.75]) + + xp, yp = f.get_plottable_data() + + xp_expected = [0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 2.0, 2.0, 2.5, 2.5, 4.0] + yp_expected = [1.0, 1.0, -0.5, -0.5, 1.5, 1.5, 0.75, 0.75] + assert_array_almost_equal(xp, xp_expected, decimal=16) + assert_array_almost_equal(yp, yp_expected, decimal=16) + + assert_almost_equal(f.avrg(), (1.0-0.5+0.5*1.5+1.5*0.75)/4.0, decimal=16) + + # interval averaging + a = f.avrg([0.5, 3.5]) + assert_almost_equal(a, (0.5-0.5+0.5*1.5+1.0*0.75)/3.0, decimal=16) + a = f.avrg([1.5, 3.5]) + assert_almost_equal(a, (-0.5*0.5+0.5*1.5+1.0*0.75)/2.0, decimal=16) + a = f.avrg([1.0, 2.0]) + assert_almost_equal(a, (1.0*-0.5)/1.0, decimal=16) + a = f.avrg([1.0, 3.5]) + assert_almost_equal(a, (-0.5*1.0+0.5*1.5+1.0*0.75)/2.5, decimal=16) + a = f.avrg([1.0, 4.0]) + assert_almost_equal(a, (-0.5*1.0+0.5*1.5+1.5*0.75)/3.0, decimal=16) + a = f.avrg([0.0, 2.2]) + assert_almost_equal(a, (1.0*1.0-0.5*1.0+0.2*1.5)/2.2, decimal=15) + + # averaging over multiple intervals + a = f.avrg([(0.5, 1.5), (1.5, 3.5)]) + assert_almost_equal(a, (0.5-0.5+0.5*1.5+1.0*0.75)/3.0, decimal=16) + + # averaging over multiple intervals + a = f.avrg([(0.5, 1.5), (2.2, 3.5)]) + assert_almost_equal(a, (0.5*1.0-0.5*0.5+0.3*1.5+1.0*0.75)/2.3, decimal=15) + + +def test_pwc_add(): + # some random data + x = [0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 2.5, 4.0] + y = [1.0, -0.5, 1.5, 0.75] + f = spk.PieceWiseConstFunc(x, y) + + f1 = copy(f) + x = [0.0, 0.75, 2.0, 2.5, 2.7, 4.0] + y = [0.5, 1.0, -0.25, 0.0, 1.5] + f2 = spk.PieceWiseConstFunc(x, y) + f1.add(f2) + x_expected = [0.0, 0.75, 1.0, 2.0, 2.5, 2.7, 4.0] + y_expected = [1.5, 2.0, 0.5, 1.25, 0.75, 2.25] + assert_array_almost_equal(f1.x, x_expected, decimal=16) + assert_array_almost_equal(f1.y, y_expected, decimal=16) + + f2.add(f) + assert_array_almost_equal(f2.x, x_expected, decimal=16) + assert_array_almost_equal(f2.y, y_expected, decimal=16) + + f1.add(f2) + # same x, but y doubled + assert_array_almost_equal(f1.x, f2.x, decimal=16) + assert_array_almost_equal(f1.y, 2*f2.y, decimal=16) + + +def test_pwc_mul(): + x = [0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 2.5, 4.0] + y = [1.0, -0.5, 1.5, 0.75] + f = spk.PieceWiseConstFunc(x, y) + + f.mul_scalar(1.5) + assert_array_almost_equal(f.x, x, decimal=16) + assert_array_almost_equal(f.y, 1.5*np.array(y), decimal=16) + f.mul_scalar(1.0/5.0) + assert_array_almost_equal(f.y, 1.5/5.0*np.array(y), decimal=16) + + +def test_pwc_avrg(): + # some random data + x = [0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 2.5, 4.0] + y = [1.0, -0.5, 1.5, 0.75] + f1 = spk.PieceWiseConstFunc(x, y) + + x = [0.0, 0.75, 2.0, 2.5, 2.7, 4.0] + y = [0.5, 1.0, -0.25, 0.0, 1.5] + f2 = spk.PieceWiseConstFunc(x, y) + + f1.add(f2) + f1.mul_scalar(0.5) + x_expected = [0.0, 0.75, 1.0, 2.0, 2.5, 2.7, 4.0] + y_expected = [0.75, 1.0, 0.25, 0.625, 0.375, 1.125] + assert_array_almost_equal(f1.x, x_expected, decimal=16) + assert_array_almost_equal(f1.y, y_expected, decimal=16) + +def test_pwc_integral(): + # some random data + x = [0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 2.5, 4.0] + y = [1.0, -0.5, 1.5, 0.75] + f1 = spk.PieceWiseConstFunc(x, y) + + # test full interval + full = 1.0*1.0 + 1.0*-0.5 + 0.5*1.5 + 1.5*0.75; + assert_equal(f1.integral(), full) + assert_equal(f1.integral((np.min(x),np.max(x))), full) + # test part interval, spanning an edge + assert_equal(f1.integral((0.5,1.5)), 0.5*1.0 + 0.5*-0.5) + # test part interval, just over two edges + assert_almost_equal(f1.integral((1.0-1e-16,2+1e-16)), 1.0*-0.5, decimal=14) + # test part interval, between two edges + assert_equal(f1.integral((1.0,2.0)), 1.0*-0.5) + assert_equal(f1.integral((1.2,1.7)), (1.7-1.2)*-0.5) + # test part interval, start to before and after edge + assert_equal(f1.integral((0.0,0.7)), 0.7*1.0) + assert_equal(f1.integral((0.0,1.1)), 1.0*1.0+0.1*-0.5) + # test part interval, before and after edge till end + assert_equal(f1.integral((2.6,4.0)), (4.0-2.6)*0.75) + assert_equal(f1.integral((2.4,4.0)), (2.5-2.4)*1.5+(4-2.5)*0.75) + +@raises(ValueError) +def test_pwc_integral_bad_bounds_inv(): + # some random data + x = [0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 2.5, 4.0] + y = [1.0, -0.5, 1.5, 0.75] + f1 = spk.PieceWiseConstFunc(x, y) + f1.integral((3,2)) + +@raises(ValueError) +def test_pwc_integral_bad_bounds_oob_1(): + # some random data + x = [0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 2.5, 4.0] + y = [1.0, -0.5, 1.5, 0.75] + f1 = spk.PieceWiseConstFunc(x, y) + f1.integral((1,6)) + +@raises(ValueError) +def test_pwc_integral_bad_bounds_oob_2(): + # some random data + x = [0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 2.5, 4.0] + y = [1.0, -0.5, 1.5, 0.75] + f1 = spk.PieceWiseConstFunc(x, y) + f1.integral((-1,3)) + +def test_pwl(): + x = [0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 2.5, 4.0] + y1 = [1.0, -0.5, 1.5, 0.75] + y2 = [1.5, -0.4, 1.5, 0.25] + f = spk.PieceWiseLinFunc(x, y1, y2) + + # function values + assert_equal(f(0.0), 1.0) + assert_equal(f(0.5), 1.25) + assert_equal(f(1.0), 0.5) + assert_equal(f(2.0), 1.1/2) + assert_equal(f(2.25), 1.5) + assert_equal(f(2.5), 2.25/2) + assert_equal(f(3.5), 0.75-0.5*1.0/1.5) + assert_equal(f(4.0), 0.25) + + assert_array_equal(f([0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 2.25, 2.5, 3.5, 4.0]), + [1.0, 1.25, 0.5, 0.55, 1.5, 2.25/2, 0.75-0.5/1.5, 0.25]) + + xp, yp = f.get_plottable_data() + + xp_expected = [0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 2.0, 2.0, 2.5, 2.5, 4.0] + yp_expected = [1.0, 1.5, -0.5, -0.4, 1.5, 1.5, 0.75, 0.25] + assert_array_almost_equal(xp, xp_expected, decimal=16) + assert_array_almost_equal(yp, yp_expected, decimal=16) + + avrg_expected = (1.25 - 0.45 + 0.75 + 1.5*0.5) / 4.0 + assert_almost_equal(f.avrg(), avrg_expected, decimal=16) + + # interval averaging + a = f.avrg([0.5, 2.5]) + assert_almost_equal(a, (1.375*0.5 - 0.45 + 0.75)/2.0, decimal=16) + a = f.avrg([1.5, 3.5]) + assert_almost_equal(a, (-0.425*0.5 + 0.75 + (0.75+0.75-0.5/1.5)/2) / 2.0, + decimal=16) + a = f.avrg((1.0, 3.5)) + assert_almost_equal(a, (-0.45 + 0.75 + (0.75+0.75-0.5/1.5)/2) / 2.5, + decimal=16) + a = f.avrg([1.0, 4.0]) + assert_almost_equal(a, (-0.45 + 0.75 + 1.5*0.5) / 3.0, decimal=16) + + # interval between support points + a = f.avrg([1.1, 1.5]) + assert_almost_equal(a, (-0.5+0.1*0.1 - 0.45) * 0.5, decimal=14) + + # starting at a support point + a = f.avrg([1.0, 1.5]) + assert_almost_equal(a, (-0.5 - 0.45) * 0.5, decimal=14) + + # start and end at support point + a = f.avrg([1.0, 2.0]) + assert_almost_equal(a, (-0.5 - 0.4) * 0.5, decimal=14) + + # averaging over multiple intervals + a = f.avrg([(0.5, 1.5), (1.5, 2.5)]) + assert_almost_equal(a, (1.375*0.5 - 0.45 + 0.75)/2.0, decimal=16) + + +def test_pwl_add(): + x = [0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 2.5, 4.0] + y1 = [1.0, -0.5, 1.5, 0.75] + y2 = [1.5, -0.4, 1.5, 0.25] + f = spk.PieceWiseLinFunc(x, y1, y2) + + f1 = copy(f) + x = [0.0, 0.75, 2.0, 2.5, 2.7, 4.0] + y1 = [0.5, 1.0, -0.25, 0.0, 1.5] + y2 = [0.8, 0.2, -1.0, 0.0, 2.0] + f2 = spk.PieceWiseLinFunc(x, y1, y2) + f1.add(f2) + x_expected = [0.0, 0.75, 1.0, 2.0, 2.5, 2.7, 4.0] + y1_expected = [1.5, 1.0+1.0+0.5*0.75, -0.5+1.0-0.8*0.25/1.25, 1.5-0.25, + 0.75, 1.5+0.75-0.5*0.2/1.5] + y2_expected = [0.8+1.0+0.5*0.75, 1.5+1.0-0.8*0.25/1.25, -0.4+0.2, 1.5-1.0, + 0.75-0.5*0.2/1.5, 2.25] + assert_array_almost_equal(f1.x, x_expected, decimal=16) + assert_array_almost_equal(f1.y1, y1_expected, decimal=16) + assert_array_almost_equal(f1.y2, y2_expected, decimal=16) + + f2.add(f) + assert_array_almost_equal(f2.x, x_expected, decimal=16) + assert_array_almost_equal(f2.y1, y1_expected, decimal=16) + assert_array_almost_equal(f2.y2, y2_expected, decimal=16) + + f1.add(f2) + # same x, but y doubled + assert_array_almost_equal(f1.x, f2.x, decimal=16) + assert_array_almost_equal(f1.y1, 2*f2.y1, decimal=16) + assert_array_almost_equal(f1.y2, 2*f2.y2, decimal=16) + + +def test_pwl_mul(): + x = [0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 2.5, 4.0] + y1 = [1.0, -0.5, 1.5, 0.75] + y2 = [1.5, -0.4, 1.5, 0.25] + f = spk.PieceWiseLinFunc(x, y1, y2) + + f.mul_scalar(1.5) + assert_array_almost_equal(f.x, x, decimal=16) + assert_array_almost_equal(f.y1, 1.5*np.array(y1), decimal=16) + assert_array_almost_equal(f.y2, 1.5*np.array(y2), decimal=16) + f.mul_scalar(1.0/5.0) + assert_array_almost_equal(f.y1, 1.5/5.0*np.array(y1), decimal=16) + assert_array_almost_equal(f.y2, 1.5/5.0*np.array(y2), decimal=16) + + +def test_pwl_avrg(): + x = [0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 2.5, 4.0] + y1 = [1.0, -0.5, 1.5, 0.75] + y2 = [1.5, -0.4, 1.5, 0.25] + f1 = spk.PieceWiseLinFunc(x, y1, y2) + + x = [0.0, 0.75, 2.0, 2.5, 2.7, 4.0] + y1 = [0.5, 1.0, -0.25, 0.0, 1.5] + y2 = [0.8, 0.2, -1.0, 0.0, 2.0] + f2 = spk.PieceWiseLinFunc(x, y1, y2) + + x_expected = [0.0, 0.75, 1.0, 2.0, 2.5, 2.7, 4.0] + y1_expected = np.array([1.5, 1.0+1.0+0.5*0.75, -0.5+1.0-0.8*0.25/1.25, + 1.5-0.25, 0.75, 1.5+0.75-0.5*0.2/1.5]) / 2 + y2_expected = np.array([0.8+1.0+0.5*0.75, 1.5+1.0-0.8*0.25/1.25, -0.4+0.2, + 1.5-1.0, 0.75-0.5*0.2/1.5, 2.25]) / 2 + + f1.add(f2) + f1.mul_scalar(0.5) + + assert_array_almost_equal(f1.x, x_expected, decimal=16) + assert_array_almost_equal(f1.y1, y1_expected, decimal=16) + assert_array_almost_equal(f1.y2, y2_expected, decimal=16) + + +def test_df(): + # testing discrete function + x = [0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 2.5, 4.0] + y = [0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0] + mp = [1.0, 2.0, 1.0, 2.0, 1.0] + f = spk.DiscreteFunc(x, y, mp) + xp, yp = f.get_plottable_data() + + xp_expected = [0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 2.5, 4.0] + yp_expected = [0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0] + assert_array_almost_equal(xp, xp_expected, decimal=16) + assert_array_almost_equal(yp, yp_expected, decimal=16) + + assert_almost_equal(f.avrg(), 2.0/5.0, decimal=16) + + # interval averaging + a = f.avrg([0.5, 2.4]) + assert_almost_equal(a, 2.0/3.0, decimal=16) + a = f.avrg([1.5, 3.5]) + assert_almost_equal(a, 1.0/3.0, decimal=16) + a = f.avrg((0.9, 3.5)) + assert_almost_equal(a, 2.0/5.0, decimal=16) + a = f.avrg([1.1, 4.0]) + assert_almost_equal(a, 1.0/3.0, decimal=16) + + # averaging over multiple intervals + a = f.avrg([(0.5, 1.5), (1.5, 2.6)]) + assert_almost_equal(a, 2.0/5.0, decimal=16) + + +if __name__ == "__main__": + test_pwc() + test_pwc_add() + test_pwc_mul() + test_pwc_avrg() + test_pwl() + test_pwl_add() + test_pwl_mul() + test_pwl_avrg() + test_df() diff --git a/test/test_generic_interfaces.py b/test/test_generic_interfaces.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7f08067 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test_generic_interfaces.py @@ -0,0 +1,105 @@ +""" test_generic_interface.py + +Tests the generic interfaces of the profile and distance functions + +Copyright 2016, Mario Mulansky <mario.mulansky@gmx.net> + +Distributed under the BSD License + +""" + +from __future__ import print_function +from numpy.testing import assert_equal + +import pyspike as spk +from pyspike import SpikeTrain + + +class dist_from_prof: + """ Simple functor that turns profile function into distance function by + calling profile.avrg(). + """ + def __init__(self, prof_func): + self.prof_func = prof_func + + def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs): + if "interval" in kwargs: + # forward interval arg into avrg function + interval = kwargs.pop("interval") + return self.prof_func(*args, **kwargs).avrg(interval=interval) + else: + return self.prof_func(*args, **kwargs).avrg() + + +def check_func(dist_func): + """ generic checker that tests the given distance function. + """ + # generate spike trains: + t1 = SpikeTrain([0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.7], 1.0) + t2 = SpikeTrain([0.3, 0.45, 0.8, 0.9, 0.95], 1.0) + t3 = SpikeTrain([0.2, 0.4, 0.6], 1.0) + t4 = SpikeTrain([0.1, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6], 1.0) + spike_trains = [t1, t2, t3, t4] + + isi12 = dist_func(t1, t2) + isi12_ = dist_func([t1, t2]) + assert_equal(isi12, isi12_) + + isi12_ = dist_func(spike_trains, indices=[0, 1]) + assert_equal(isi12, isi12_) + + isi123 = dist_func(t1, t2, t3) + isi123_ = dist_func([t1, t2, t3]) + assert_equal(isi123, isi123_) + + isi123_ = dist_func(spike_trains, indices=[0, 1, 2]) + assert_equal(isi123, isi123_) + + # run the same test with an additional interval parameter + + isi12 = dist_func(t1, t2, interval=[0.0, 0.5]) + isi12_ = dist_func([t1, t2], interval=[0.0, 0.5]) + assert_equal(isi12, isi12_) + + isi12_ = dist_func(spike_trains, indices=[0, 1], interval=[0.0, 0.5]) + assert_equal(isi12, isi12_) + + isi123 = dist_func(t1, t2, t3, interval=[0.0, 0.5]) + isi123_ = dist_func([t1, t2, t3], interval=[0.0, 0.5]) + assert_equal(isi123, isi123_) + + isi123_ = dist_func(spike_trains, indices=[0, 1, 2], interval=[0.0, 0.5]) + assert_equal(isi123, isi123_) + + +def test_isi_profile(): + check_func(dist_from_prof(spk.isi_profile)) + + +def test_isi_distance(): + check_func(spk.isi_distance) + + +def test_spike_profile(): + check_func(dist_from_prof(spk.spike_profile)) + + +def test_spike_distance(): + check_func(spk.spike_distance) + + +def test_spike_sync_profile(): + check_func(dist_from_prof(spk.spike_sync_profile)) + + +def test_spike_sync(): + check_func(spk.spike_sync) + + +if __name__ == "__main__": + test_isi_profile() + test_isi_distance() + test_spike_profile() + test_spike_distance() + test_spike_sync_profile() + test_spike_sync() diff --git a/test/test_regression/test_regression_15.py b/test/test_regression/test_regression_15.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..54adf23 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test_regression/test_regression_15.py @@ -0,0 +1,81 @@ +""" test_regression_15.py + +Regression test for Issue #15 + +Copyright 2015, Mario Mulansky <mario.mulansky@gmx.net> + +Distributed under the BSD License + +""" + +from __future__ import division + +import numpy as np +from numpy.testing import assert_equal, assert_almost_equal, \ + assert_array_almost_equal + +import pyspike as spk + +import os +TEST_PATH = os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__)) +TEST_DATA = os.path.join(TEST_PATH, "..", "SPIKE_Sync_Test.txt") + + +def test_regression_15_isi(): + # load spike trains + spike_trains = spk.load_spike_trains_from_txt(TEST_DATA, edges=[0, 4000]) + + N = len(spike_trains) + + dist_mat = spk.isi_distance_matrix(spike_trains) + assert_equal(dist_mat.shape, (N, N)) + + ind = np.arange(N//2) + dist_mat = spk.isi_distance_matrix(spike_trains, ind) + assert_equal(dist_mat.shape, (N//2, N//2)) + + ind = np.arange(N//2, N) + dist_mat = spk.isi_distance_matrix(spike_trains, ind) + assert_equal(dist_mat.shape, (N//2, N//2)) + + +def test_regression_15_spike(): + # load spike trains + spike_trains = spk.load_spike_trains_from_txt(TEST_DATA, edges=[0, 4000]) + + N = len(spike_trains) + + dist_mat = spk.spike_distance_matrix(spike_trains) + assert_equal(dist_mat.shape, (N, N)) + + ind = np.arange(N//2) + dist_mat = spk.spike_distance_matrix(spike_trains, ind) + assert_equal(dist_mat.shape, (N//2, N//2)) + + ind = np.arange(N//2, N) + dist_mat = spk.spike_distance_matrix(spike_trains, ind) + assert_equal(dist_mat.shape, (N//2, N//2)) + + +def test_regression_15_sync(): + # load spike trains + spike_trains = spk.load_spike_trains_from_txt(TEST_DATA, edges=[0, 4000]) + + N = len(spike_trains) + + dist_mat = spk.spike_sync_matrix(spike_trains) + assert_equal(dist_mat.shape, (N, N)) + + ind = np.arange(N//2) + dist_mat = spk.spike_sync_matrix(spike_trains, ind) + assert_equal(dist_mat.shape, (N//2, N//2)) + + ind = np.arange(N//2, N) + dist_mat = spk.spike_sync_matrix(spike_trains, ind) + assert_equal(dist_mat.shape, (N//2, N//2)) + + +if __name__ == "__main__": + test_regression_15_isi() + test_regression_15_spike() + test_regression_15_sync() diff --git a/test/test_save_load.py b/test/test_save_load.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..33249b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test_save_load.py @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +""" test_save_load.py + +Tests saving and loading of spike trains + +Copyright 2016, Mario Mulansky <mario.mulansky@gmx.net> + +Distributed under the BSD License + +""" + +from __future__ import print_function +from numpy.testing import assert_array_equal + +import tempfile +import os.path + +import pyspike as spk + + +def test_save_load(): + file_name = os.path.join(tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix='pyspike_'), + "save_load.txt") + + N = 10 + # generate some spike trains + spike_trains = [] + for n in range(N): + spike_trains.append(spk.generate_poisson_spikes(1.0, [0, 100])) + + # save them into txt file + spk.save_spike_trains_to_txt(spike_trains, file_name, precision=17) + + # load again + spike_trains_loaded = spk.load_spike_trains_from_txt(file_name, [0, 100]) + + for n in range(N): + assert_array_equal(spike_trains[n].spikes, + spike_trains_loaded[n].spikes) + + +if __name__ == "__main__": + test_save_load() diff --git a/test/test_spikes.py b/test/test_spikes.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ee505b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test_spikes.py @@ -0,0 +1,101 @@ +""" test_load.py + +Test loading of spike trains from text files + +Copyright 2014, Mario Mulansky <mario.mulansky@gmx.net> + +Distributed under the BSD License +""" + +from __future__ import print_function +import numpy as np +from numpy.testing import assert_equal + +import pyspike as spk + +import os +TEST_PATH = os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__)) +TEST_DATA = os.path.join(TEST_PATH, "PySpike_testdata.txt") + +TIME_SERIES_DATA = os.path.join(TEST_PATH, "time_series.txt") +TIME_SERIES_SPIKES = os.path.join(TEST_PATH, "time_series_spike_trains.txt") + + +def test_load_from_txt(): + spike_trains = spk.load_spike_trains_from_txt(TEST_DATA, edges=(0, 4000)) + assert len(spike_trains) == 40 + + # check the first spike train + spike_times = [64.886, 305.81, 696, 937.77, 1059.7, 1322.2, 1576.1, + 1808.1, 2121.5, 2381.1, 2728.6, 2966.9, 3223.7, 3473.7, + 3644.3, 3936.3] + assert_equal(spike_times, spike_trains[0].spikes) + + # check auxiliary spikes + for spike_train in spike_trains: + assert spike_train.t_start == 0.0 + assert spike_train.t_end == 4000 + + +def test_load_time_series(): + spike_trains = spk.import_spike_trains_from_time_series(TIME_SERIES_DATA, + start_time=0, + time_bin=1) + assert len(spike_trains) == 40 + spike_trains_check = spk.load_spike_trains_from_txt(TIME_SERIES_SPIKES, + edges=(0, 4000)) + + # check spike trains + for n in range(len(spike_trains)): + assert_equal(spike_trains[n].spikes, spike_trains_check[n].spikes) + assert_equal(spike_trains[n].t_start, 0) + assert_equal(spike_trains[n].t_end, 4000) + + +def check_merged_spikes(merged_spikes, spike_trains): + # create a flat array with all spike events + all_spikes = np.array([]) + for spike_train in spike_trains: + all_spikes = np.append(all_spikes, spike_train) + indices = np.zeros_like(all_spikes, dtype='bool') + # check if we find all the spike events in the original spike trains + for x in merged_spikes: + i = np.where(all_spikes == x)[0][0] # first axis and first entry + # change to something impossible so we dont find this event again + all_spikes[i] = -1.0 + indices[i] = True + assert indices.all() + + +def test_merge_spike_trains(): + # first load the data + spike_trains = spk.load_spike_trains_from_txt(TEST_DATA, edges=(0, 4000)) + + merged_spikes = spk.merge_spike_trains([spike_trains[0], spike_trains[1]]) + # test if result is sorted + assert((merged_spikes.spikes == np.sort(merged_spikes.spikes)).all()) + # check merging + check_merged_spikes(merged_spikes.spikes, [spike_trains[0].spikes, + spike_trains[1].spikes]) + + merged_spikes = spk.merge_spike_trains(spike_trains) + # test if result is sorted + assert((merged_spikes.spikes == np.sort(merged_spikes.spikes)).all()) + # check merging + check_merged_spikes(merged_spikes.spikes, + [st.spikes for st in spike_trains]) + +def test_merge_empty_spike_trains(): + # first load the data + spike_trains = spk.load_spike_trains_from_txt(TEST_DATA, edges=(0, 4000)) + # take two non-empty trains, and one empty one + empty = spk.SpikeTrain([],[spike_trains[0].t_start,spike_trains[0].t_end]) + merged_spikes = spk.merge_spike_trains([spike_trains[0], empty, spike_trains[1]]) + # test if result is sorted + assert((merged_spikes.spikes == np.sort(merged_spikes.spikes)).all()) + # we don't need to check more, that's done by test_merge_spike_trains + + +if __name__ == "main": + test_load_from_txt() + test_merge_spike_trains() diff --git a/test/test_sync_filter.py b/test/test_sync_filter.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e259903 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/test_sync_filter.py @@ -0,0 +1,95 @@ +""" test_sync_filter.py + +Tests the spike sync based filtering + +Copyright 2015, Mario Mulansky <mario.mulansky@gmx.net> + +Distributed under the BSD License + +""" + +from __future__ import print_function +import numpy as np +from numpy.testing import assert_equal, assert_almost_equal, \ + assert_array_almost_equal + +import pyspike as spk +from pyspike import SpikeTrain + + +def test_single_prof(): + st1 = np.array([1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0]) + st2 = np.array([1.1, 2.1, 3.8]) + st3 = np.array([0.9, 3.1, 4.1]) + + # cython implementation + try: + from pyspike.cython.cython_profiles import \ + coincidence_single_profile_cython as coincidence_impl + except ImportError: + from pyspike.cython.python_backend import \ + coincidence_single_python as coincidence_impl + + sync_prof = spk.spike_sync_profile(SpikeTrain(st1, 5.0), + SpikeTrain(st2, 5.0)) + + coincidences = np.array(coincidence_impl(st1, st2, 0, 5.0, 0.0)) + print(coincidences) + for i, t in enumerate(st1): + assert_equal(coincidences[i], sync_prof.y[sync_prof.x == t], + "At index %d" % i) + + coincidences = np.array(coincidence_impl(st2, st1, 0, 5.0, 0.0)) + for i, t in enumerate(st2): + assert_equal(coincidences[i], sync_prof.y[sync_prof.x == t], + "At index %d" % i) + + sync_prof = spk.spike_sync_profile(SpikeTrain(st1, 5.0), + SpikeTrain(st3, 5.0)) + + coincidences = np.array(coincidence_impl(st1, st3, 0, 5.0, 0.0)) + for i, t in enumerate(st1): + assert_equal(coincidences[i], sync_prof.y[sync_prof.x == t], + "At index %d" % i) + + st1 = np.array([1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0]) + st2 = np.array([1.0, 2.0, 4.0]) + + sync_prof = spk.spike_sync_profile(SpikeTrain(st1, 5.0), + SpikeTrain(st2, 5.0)) + + coincidences = np.array(coincidence_impl(st1, st2, 0, 5.0, 0.0)) + for i, t in enumerate(st1): + expected = sync_prof.y[sync_prof.x == t]/sync_prof.mp[sync_prof.x == t] + assert_equal(coincidences[i], expected, + "At index %d" % i) + + +def test_filter(): + st1 = SpikeTrain(np.array([1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0]), 5.0) + st2 = SpikeTrain(np.array([1.1, 2.1, 3.8]), 5.0) + st3 = SpikeTrain(np.array([0.9, 3.1, 4.1]), 5.0) + + # filtered_spike_trains = spk.filter_by_spike_sync([st1, st2], 0.5) + + # assert_equal(filtered_spike_trains[0].spikes, [1.0, 2.0, 4.0]) + # assert_equal(filtered_spike_trains[1].spikes, [1.1, 2.1, 3.8]) + + # filtered_spike_trains = spk.filter_by_spike_sync([st2, st1], 0.5) + + # assert_equal(filtered_spike_trains[0].spikes, [1.1, 2.1, 3.8]) + # assert_equal(filtered_spike_trains[1].spikes, [1.0, 2.0, 4.0]) + + filtered_spike_trains = spk.filter_by_spike_sync([st1, st2, st3], 0.75) + + for st in filtered_spike_trains: + print(st.spikes) + + assert_equal(filtered_spike_trains[0].spikes, [1.0, 4.0]) + assert_equal(filtered_spike_trains[1].spikes, [1.1, 3.8]) + assert_equal(filtered_spike_trains[2].spikes, [0.9, 4.1]) + + +if __name__ == "main": + test_single_prof() + test_filter() diff --git a/test/time_series.txt b/test/time_series.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0116c97 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/time_series.txt @@ -0,0 +1,80 @@ +0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 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